All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Neural stem cell
A neural stem cell (NSC) is a self-renewing, multipotent cell that generates the neurons and glia of the nervous system, persisting into adulthood in mammals.
Neural style transfer
Neural style transfer is a computer vision technique that renders one image in the artistic style of a second image, using features from a deep convolutional neural network.
Neural tangent kernel
The neural tangent kernel (NTK) is a kernel built from a network's output gradients, introduced by Jacot, Gabriel, and Hongler at NeurIPS 2018 to describe training in function space.
Neural text-to-speech synthesis
Neural text-to-speech synthesis is the family of deep-learning methods that converts written text into natural spoken audio, replacing rule-based systems with neural networks trained on text-and-audio pairs, from WaveNet to zero-shot voice cloning.
Neural therapy
Neural therapy is a complementary-medicine treatment that injects local anesthetics, most often procaine, into scars, nerves, ganglia, and trigger points to relieve chronic pain and illness.
Neural tube
Neural tube: embryonic epithelium with a central lumen that forms the vertebrate brain and spinal cord during neurulation (weeks 3-4 in humans); closure failure causes neural tube defects preventable by folic acid.
Neural tube defect
Neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele, are birth defects of the brain and spine from failure of the embryonic neural tube to close in early pregnancy; 400 mcg daily folic acid and 1998 US grain fortification prevent about 1,300 US cases yearly.
Neural-network quantum states
Neural-network quantum states (NQS) are representations of quantum many-body wave functions parameterized by artificial neural networks, introduced by Carleo and Troyer in 2016 to compress exponentially large wave functions.
Neural-network variational Monte Carlo
Neural-network variational Monte Carlo (NNVMC) represents quantum many-body wave functions with deep neural networks, optimized by variational Monte Carlo to solve the electronic Schrödinger equation from first principles.
Neural–electrode interface and biocompatibility
The neural–electrode interface is where an implanted electrode meets living neural tissue; immune reactions and scar tissue raise impedance and kill recording sites, making it the bottleneck for devices like Utah arrays and DBS leads.
NeuralGCM
NeuralGCM (Neural General Circulation Models) is a hybrid weather and climate model combining physics with machine learning, developed by Google Research and published in Nature in 2024.
Neuralgia
Neuralgia, nerve pain along a nerve's distribution; major forms are trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), postherpetic neuralgia, and occipital neuralgia. TN incidence 12.6/100,000 person-years; carbamazepine first-line; microvascular decompression most effective surgery.
Neuralgic amyotrophy
Neuralgic amyotrophy, also called Parsonage-Turner syndrome or brachial neuritis, is a painful peripheral nerve disorder with sudden shoulder pain followed by weakness, atrophy, and sensory loss; idiopathic or autosomal dominant hereditary (SEPTIN9) forms.
Neuralink
Neuralink: neurotechnology company co-founded by Elon Musk (2016) making the N1 invasive brain-computer implant (1,024 electrodes, 64 threads, R1 robot insertion) for paralysis; 12 patients implanted by 2025, FDA breakthrough designations for Blindsight and speech.
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of mechanical ventilation that delivers pressure in proportion to the diaphragm's electrical activity, first described by Sinderby and colleagues in 1999.
Neurapraxia
Neurapraxia is the mildest peripheral nerve injury, a temporary conduction block from focal demyelination with the axon intact, per Seddon's 1942 classification; it recovers spontaneously within weeks to about three months.
Neurasthenia
Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion (shenjing shuairuo, 神经衰弱), is a historical diagnosis introduced by George Beard in 1869, attributing fatigue and varied symptoms to depleted nervous energy; it peaked around 1900 and survives in ICD-10.
Neurath Power Station
Neurath Power Station (Kraftwerk Neurath) is a lignite-fired power station at Grevenbroich-Neurath, Germany, owned by RWE Power, whose two 1,100-MW units are the world's most powerful lignite-fired units.
Neuraxial anesthesia
Neuraxial anesthesia is regional anesthesia injected near the spinal cord, comprising single-injection spinal anesthesia and catheter-based epidural anesthesia, used for labor analgesia and as the standard anesthetic for cesarean delivery.
Neuraxial block
A neuraxial block is a regional anesthesia technique that injects local anesthetic near the spinal nerves in the epidural or intrathecal space, used for labor analgesia, surgical anesthesia, and postoperative pain control.
Neuregulin
Neuregulins (NRG1-NRG4), EGF-family growth factor ligands for ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases, essential in nervous system, heart, and breast development; NRG1 has over 30 isoforms and links to schizophrenia, heart failure therapy, and NRG1-fusion cancers.
Neuregulin-1
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1), chromosome 8p growth factor binding ErbB3/ErbB4; studied as schizophrenia susceptibility gene with mixed association evidence, and NRG1 fusions drive rare solid tumors treated with zenocutuzumab.
Neurelis, Inc.
Neurelis, Inc. is a neuroscience biotechnology company whose lead product VALTOCO, a diazepam nasal spray FDA-approved in 2020, is a rescue treatment for seizure clusters in epilepsy.
Neurent Medical
Neurent Medical is an Irish medical device company headquartered in Oranmore, County Galway, founded in 2014, whose single-use NEUROMARK System treats chronic rhinitis by disrupting the posterior nasal nerves.
Neurenteric cyst
A neurenteric cyst, also called an enterogenous or enteric cyst, is a rare congenital lesion lined by gut-like epithelium, usually ventral to the spinal cord, treated by surgical resection.
Neurexin
Neurexins (NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3) are presynaptic cell adhesion proteins discovered as alpha-latrotoxin receptors; three large human genes yield thousands of alternatively spliced isoforms that couple calcium channels to neurotransmitter release and, when mutated, link to schizophrenia and autism.
Neurexin/syndecan/glycophorin C
Neurexin/syndecan/glycophorin C (IPR003585, SMART 4.1m) is a short cytoplasmic protein 4.1-binding motif shared by neurexins, syndecans, and glycophorin C, anchoring membranes to the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton.
Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging
Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a diffusion MRI technique introduced by University College London researchers in 2012 that estimates the density and angular spread of dendrites and axons in the living human brain.
Neurite outgrowth assay
A neurite outgrowth assay is a cell-based assay that measures neurite extension in neurons, quantifying how drugs, neurotrophic factors, and biomaterials affect differentiation and regeneration.
Neuro (gum)
Neuro is a sugar-free energy and focus gum delivering 40 mg caffeine plus L-theanine and B vitamins per piece, founded in 2015 by Kent Yoshimura and Ryan Chen.