All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Neuro chirurgie
Neurochirurgie (Neuro-Chirurgie) is the French neurosurgery journal of the Société de neurochirurgie de langue française, published by Elsevier Masson since 1955, bimonthly, ISSN 0028-3770, distinct from the German Zentralblatt für Neurochirurgie.
Neuro-2a
Neuro-2a, also written N2a or NB2a, is a mouse neuroblastoma cell line established in 1969 and used widely as a neuronal model in neuroscience and cancer research.
Neuro-fuzzy
Neuro-fuzzy, also called a fuzzy neural network, is a hybrid intelligent system combining neural networks with fuzzy logic, whose landmark model is ANFIS from 1993.
Neuro-linguistic programming
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in 1970s California, is a communication and personal-development framework using anchoring, reframing, and representational systems; systematic reviews find little evidence for its claims and it is widely classed as pseudoscience.
Neuro-symbolic AI
Neuro-symbolic AI, also written neurosymbolic AI or NeSy, is the subfield of artificial intelligence that combines neural-network machine learning with symbolic knowledge representation and reasoning.
Neuroanatomical tract-tracing
Neuroanatomical tract-tracing is a family of histological methods in which a tracer injected into nervous tissue is carried by axonal transport, labeling connections between brain regions.
Neuroanesthesia
Neuroanesthesia, or neurosurgical anesthesia, is the branch of anesthesiology dealing with anesthesia for neurological procedures such as brain tumor surgery, trauma, and awake craniotomy, focusing on intracranial pressure and cerebral protection.
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise: exercise-induced changes in BDNF signaling, brain structure, inflammation, and cognition across aging, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease, with dose and modality evidence.
Neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia), Cell Ontology term CL:0000338, is the invertebrate CNS neural precursor, a self-renewing stem cell dividing asymmetrically into ganglion mother cells, distinct from the postmitotic vertebrate neuroblast.
Neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)
Neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata), Cell Ontology term CL:0000031, also called neuroblast (CL:0000337): a vertebrate cell that will develop into a neuron, often after a migration phase; distinct from the Drosophila neuroblast.
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma, also called INRG-stage childhood sympathetic cancer, is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, arising from adrenal medulla and paraspinal neuroblasts; risk-stratified by MYCN amplification and INRGSS, with survival from 98% (low-risk) to about 60% (high-risk).
Neuroblastoma of adrenal gland
Neuroblastoma of adrenal gland (ICD-11 2D11.2, adrenal neuroblastoma) is a malignant embryonal tumor of adrenal medulla neuroblasts, the most common neuroblastoma site, affecting infants and carrying worse prognosis than thoracic primaries.
Neurocardiology
Neurocardiology, also called the heart–brain axis, is the field studying nervous system–cardiovascular interactions, from autonomic control and the heart's intrinsic "little brain" to Takotsubo syndrome, stroke–heart syndrome, and cognitive decline in heart disease.
Neurochemistry
Neurochemistry: study of the chemistry of the brain and nerves, from Hensing's 1719 phosphorus treatise and French quantitative analyses to neurotransmitters, dopamine, ISN, JNC, and in vivo microdialysis methods.
Neurocritical care
Neurocritical care: subspecialty managing life-threatening neurologic and neurosurgical illness in specialized ICUs; NCS founded 2002; ICP/CPP monitoring core; 17% mortality reduction versus general ICU.
Neurocutaneous melanocytosis
Neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM, neurocutaneous melanosis) is a rare congenital phakomatosis with CNS melanocyte deposits plus large or multiple congenital melanocytic nevi, caused by postzygotic NRAS codon 61 mutations, symptomatic in one-third to one-half of cases.
Neurocysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), Taenia solium larval infection of the brain, is a leading cause of epilepsy in endemic countries, causing about 30% of cases there; diagnosed by MRI plus CT and EITB serology, treated with albendazole, praziquantel, corticosteroids, or surgery by disease form.
NEUROD1
NEUROD1 (BETA2, bHLHa3) is a human chromosome 2q31.3 gene encoding a bHLH pioneer transcription factor that drives neuronal and pancreatic endocrine differentiation; mutations cause MODY6 and permanent neonatal diabetes with neurological defects.
Neurodegeneration due to 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency
HIBCH deficiency (OMIM 250620), an ultrarare autosomal recessive valine catabolism disorder caused by HIBCH gene mutations, causing Leigh-like neurodegeneration, hypotonia, seizures, elevated C4-OH carnitine, treated with valine-restricted diet.
Neurodegenerative disease
Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive disorder of the brain or peripheral nervous system that leads to nerve cell death. While some treatments can slow progression, no cure currently exists.
Neurodevelopmental delay-congenital heart defects-intellectual disability syndrome
Neurodevelopmental delay-congenital heart defects-intellectual disability syndrome, or Radio-Tartaglia syndrome (OMIM 619312, ORPHA:662234), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder from SPEN loss-of-function variants, causing developmental delay, hypotonia, heart defects, and facial dysmorphism.
Neurodevelopmental delay-intellectual disability-skeletal defects syndrome
Neurodevelopmental delay-intellectual disability-skeletal defects syndrome, also called HNRNPH2-related neurodevelopmental disorder or Bain type X-linked syndromic intellectual disability, is a rare X-linked dominant disorder from HNRNPH2 missense variants at Xq22.1, causing universal developmental delay, intellectual disability, and frequent scoliosis and foot deformities.
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are DSM-5 conditions with onset in the developmental period, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, communication, motor, and learning disorders, affecting about 1 in 6 US children.
Neurodevelopmental disorder-craniofacial dysmorphism-cardiac defect-skeletal anomalies syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder-craniofacial dysmorphism-cardiac defect-skeletal anomalies syndrome, better known as Au-Kline syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by HNRNPK variants, marked by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and heart defects.
Neurodevelopmental disorder-spasticity-movement disorder-epileptic syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder-spasticity-movement disorder-epileptic syndrome, or Kaya-Barakat-Masson syndrome (KABAMAS), is a rare autosomal recessive YIF1B-related disorder with severe developmental delay, spasticity, dystonia, seizures, and microcephaly; no approved treatments exist.
Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity: the natural variation in human neurocognitive functioning and the 1990s social movement around it, coined by Judy Singer (also Harvey Blume), rooted in autistic online self-advocacy and Jim Sinclair's 1993 essay, contrasting the neurodiversity paradigm with the pathology paradigm.
Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease
Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease, also known as Elejalde syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with silvery hair, seizures, and severe neurological impairment, first described in 1979.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of pancreas
Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PanNEC) is the poorly differentiated, high-grade form of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, with Ki-67 above 20%, TP53/RB1/KRAS drivers, SST2 loss, and about 16% five-year survival.
Neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cell, also called neurosecretory cell or endocrine neuron: a cell with neuronal and endocrine properties that releases hormones into blood upon nervous stimulation, found in hypothalamus, pancreas, gut, lung, and adrenal medulla.
Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy
Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), also called persistent tachypnea of infancy, is a rare childhood interstitial lung disease first described in 2005, causing tachypnea, retractions, crackles, and hypoxemia with characteristic CT ground-glass opacities and a favorable prognosis.