All articles starting with N

Neurokinin B

Neurokinin B, also known as neurokinin beta or neuromedin K, is a mammalian neuropeptide of the tachykinin family best known for its hypothalamic role in reproduction and body temperature.

Neurokinin receptor

Neurokinin receptors (NK1R, NK2R, NK3R; TACR1-3 genes) are tachykinin GPCRs for substance P, NKA, and NKB; NK1R antagonists treat CINV, NK3R antagonists treat hot flushes.

Neurolens, formerly eyeBrain Medical, is a Texas medical optics company founded in 2012 selling prescription Contoured Prism lenses for headaches, neck pain, and eyestrain; it rebranded as Newton in 2025.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS, syndrome malin des neuroleptiques) is a life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists, mainly antipsychotics, causing fever, rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability; treated by stopping the drug, supportive care, and dantrolene.

Neuroligin

Neuroligins (NLGN1–NLGN4X/4Y) are postsynaptic cell adhesion proteins binding presynaptic neurexins across the synaptic cleft; isoform-specific at excitatory or inhibitory synapses, alternatively spliced, and linked to autism mutations.

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics, also called the neuroscience of language, studies the brain mechanisms underlying language. Rooted in Broca's 1861 and Wernicke's 1874 lesion findings, it became an interdisciplinary field in the 1960s and now uses EEG, fMRI, and network models.

NeuroLogica

NeuroLogica is a medical imaging company founded in 2004 in Danvers, Massachusetts, best known for the portable CereTom head scanner and BodyTom full-body scanner, acquired by Samsung in 2013.

Oct 20, 2026

Neurological Diagnostic Techniques

Neurological diagnostic techniques: neurological examination, blood, genetic, and CSF tests, MRI and CT imaging, EEG, EMG, nerve conduction, evoked potentials, and angiography used to diagnose brain, spinal cord, and nerve disorders.

Neurological disorder

Neurological disorder: any condition affecting the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, from epilepsy and migraine to stroke and dementia. Leading cause of ill health worldwide, affecting over 1 in 3 people; WHO's IGAP 2022–2031 targets its care.

Neurological examination

Neurological examination: structured clinical assessment of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscle receptors; components include mental status, cranial nerves, motor, sensory, reflexes; modern form 1850–1914; NIHSS quantifies stroke severity.

Neurological research

Neurological Research (Neurol Res), a peer-reviewed journal of neurosurgery, neurology, and neurosciences founded 1979, ISSN 0161-6412/1743-1328, published by Taylor & Francis since 2016, MEDLINE-indexed, hybrid open access.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

Neurological Sciences is a bimonthly peer-reviewed neurology journal published in Milan by Springer; official journal of the Italian Neurological Society, founded 1979 as the Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, renamed 2000, ISSN 1590-1874.

Neurologists

Neurologists: specialist physicians who diagnose and treat nervous system disorders (brain, spinal cord, nerves, muscles) non-surgically; trained via neurology residency, ABPN-certified in the US, distinct from neurosurgeons and psychiatrists.

Neurology

Neurology: medical specialty for diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders. Emerged from internal medicine and psychiatry; ABPN 1934, AAN 1948; US workforce 24,950 clinicians in 2025.

Neurolymphomatosis

Neurolymphomatosis (NL): rare infiltration of peripheral nerves, roots, plexuses, or cranial nerves by malignant lymphocytes, usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma; painful asymmetric neuropathy, diagnosed by biopsy and FDG-PET/MRI, median survival 18 months.

Sep 29, 2026

Neurolysis

Neurolysis is a pain procedure that deliberately destroys a nerve using chemical injection, heat, cold, or surgery, giving weeks-to-months relief, most often for cancer pain via celiac plexus block.

Neuroma

Neuroma: a non-neoplastic, disorganized proliferation of nerve tissue after peripheral nerve injury, also called Morton's neuroma (perineural fibrosis of the foot's plantar digital nerve), causing neuropathic pain.

Neuroma of amputation stump

Neuroma of amputation stump, or amputation neuroma, is a disorganized mass of regenerating nerve fibers that forms at a severed nerve end after amputation, causing localized residual limb pain.

Neuromancer

Neuromancer is William Gibson's 1984 debut novel about hacker Case and the AI Wintermute, which won the Nebula, Hugo, and Philip K. Dick awards, popularized cyberspace, and became cyberpunk's defining text; an Apple TV series premieres January 22, 2027.

Neuromancer (TV series)

Neuromancer (TV series) is Apple TV's 10-episode adaptation of William Gibson's 1984 cyberpunk novel, created by Graham Roland and J.D. Dillard, starring Callum Turner as Case and Briana Middleton as Molly, premiering January 22, 2027.

Neuromedin-U

Neuromedin-U (NMU), a conserved neuropeptide first isolated from porcine spinal cord, signals via GPCRs NMUR1 (periphery) and NMUR2 (CNS), regulating feeding, energy balance, immunity, and cancer.

NeuroML

NeuroML (Neural Open Markup Language) is an XML-based, simulator-independent language for describing models of neuronal cells and networks, first proposed in 2001 and now an INCF-endorsed standard.

Sep 29, 2026

Neuromodulation therapy

Neuromodulation therapy is a class of treatments that alter nerve activity through electrical, magnetic, or chemical stimulation, used for chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, and psychiatric disease.

Neuromorphic computing

Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computation modeled on the structure and function of biological nervous systems, combining event-driven spiking communication with co-located memory and processing for greatly reduced energy use.

Oct 22, 2026

Neuromorphic computing with nanoscale spintronic oscillators

Neuromorphic computing with nanoscale spintronic oscillators is a brain-inspired hardware approach using spin-torque and spin Hall nano-oscillators as artificial neurons, first demonstrated experimentally in 2017.

Neuromorphic engineering

Neuromorphic engineering, also known as neuromorphics, is the design of computing hardware and methods inspired by neural computation, using event-driven spiking circuits that promise extremely low power consumption.

Oct 22, 2026

Neuromorphic photonics

Neuromorphic photonics is a computing field that uses lasers, modulators, and resonators to perform neural-network functions, aiming at high speed and energy efficiency beyond electronic AI accelerators.

Sep 29, 2026

Neuromuscular blockade

Neuromuscular blockade, also called neuromuscular block, is drug-induced paralysis of skeletal muscle used for intubation, surgery, and ventilation, introduced with curare in anesthesia in 1942.

Neuromuscular disease

Neuromuscular disease: disorders of motor neurons, peripheral nerves, the neuromuscular junction, or muscle, causing weakness. Includes ALS, SMA, myasthenia gravis, CMT, and muscular dystrophies; treated with multidisciplinary care and new AAV gene therapies.