All articles starting with N

Neuromuscular monitoring

Neuromuscular monitoring is an anesthesia technique that measures neuromuscular blockade by stimulating a peripheral nerve and recording the muscle response, guiding dosing, reversal, and extubation.

Neuromuscular-blocking drugs (muscle relaxants, NMBAs) interrupt nerve-to-muscle signaling at the neuromuscular junction. Depolarizing succinylcholine and nondepolarizing agents such as rocuronium, vecuronium, and atracurium enable intubation, surgical relaxation, and ventilation, reversed by neostigmine or sugammadex.

Neuromusculoskeletal modeling

Neuromusculoskeletal modeling is a computational approach that simulates the coupled dynamics of the nervous system, muscles, and skeleton to estimate muscle forces, joint moments, and movement.

Oct 20, 2026

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD, Devic disease) is a rare relapsing autoimmune astrocytopathy of the CNS driven by AQP4-IgG in over 80% of cases, diagnosed by 2015 IPND criteria and treated with methylprednisolone, plasma exchange, and approved biologics.

Neuromyotonia

Neuromyotonia, also called Isaacs' syndrome or acquired autoimmune neuromyotonia, is a peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorder with continuous muscle fiber activity, CASPR2/VGKC antibodies, thymoma association, EMG neuromyotonic discharges, and Morvan syndrome as its CNS variant.

Neuron

Neuron (nerve cell): the electrically excitable basic functional unit of the nervous system, with dendrites, soma, and axon; signals via action potentials and synapses; defined by Cajal's neuron doctrine; classified into many transcriptomic cell types.

Neuron apoptotic process

Neuron apoptotic process (GO:0051402), also called neuronal apoptosis or neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis, is the Gene Ontology biological process for apoptotic death of neurons, via intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic death receptor caspase pathways, central to neural development and neurodegeneration.

Neurona Therapeutics

Neurona Therapeutics was a clinical-stage biotechnology company in South San Francisco, California, founded in 2015 to develop neural cell therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy; UCB acquired it in 2026 for up to $1.15 billion.

Neuronal calcium sensor

Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, also called neuronal Ca2+-sensor proteins, are a 14-gene mammalian family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins in neurons and photoreceptors, including NCS-1, recoverin, GCAPs, KChIPs, VILIPs, hippocalcin, and neurocalcin-δ.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disease with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions, caused by GGC repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC; tremor, dementia, and a DWI U-fiber MRI sign are typical.

Neuronal migration

Neuronal migration is the process by which newborn neurons travel from their birthplace to their final positions, using radial routes along glial fibers and tangential routes.

Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, chordates

Doublecortin (DCX) is a chordate microtubule-associated protein with tandem DCX domains that stabilizes microtubules in migrating neurons; X-linked DCX mutations cause lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia.

Neuronal System

Neuronal System (Reactome R-HSA-112316) is a top-level human pathway in the Reactome database covering electrical and chemical synaptic transmission, potassium channels, and synaptic protein interactions, with 416 genes in release 97.

Neuronal tracing

Neuronal tracing, also called axonal tracing, is a set of neuroanatomical techniques that label axon paths with chemical probes or viruses to visualize how neurons connect.

NeuroNames

NeuroNames: University of Washington neuroanatomical nomenclature and ontology behind BrainInfo, giving unique standard names, synonyms, and hierarchies for brain structures; UMLS vocabulary and basis of NIFSTD brain regions.

Neuronavigation

Neuronavigation is a neurosurgical technique that tracks surgical instruments against preoperative brain images using optical, electromagnetic, or ultrasonic sensors, used mainly for tumors, epilepsy, and spine surgery.

Neurooculocardiogenitourinary syndrome

Neurooculocardiogenitourinary syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by variants in the WDR37 gene, first described in 2019, marked by seizures, brain malformations, eye defects, and poor growth.

NeuroPace, Inc.

NeuroPace, Inc. is a Mountain View, California medical device company, founded in 1997 and listed on Nasdaq since 2021, that makes the RNS System, the first FDA-approved brain-responsive implant for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.

Neuroparsin

Neuroparsin (NP): a conserved family of arthropod neuropeptides, 103-201 amino acids with 12 cysteines, first isolated from locust corpora cardiaca; regulates insect reproduction, marks locust phase transition, absent in Drosophila.

Neuropathic arthropathy

Neuropathic arthropathy, also called Charcot arthropathy or Charcot joint, is a rapidly destructive joint disease caused by loss of pain sensation, most often from diabetes.

Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain: pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system (IASP definition). First-line drugs are TCAs, SNRIs, pregabalin, and gabapentin per NeuPSIG; opioids are third-line.

Neuropathic pain model

A neuropathic pain model is an animal or cellular preparation in which a nerve is injured or made dysfunctional, letting researchers study pain mechanisms and test analgesic candidates.

Neuropathy target esterase

Neuropathy target esterase (NTE, PNPLA6), formerly neurotoxic esterase, is an ER membrane phospholipase discovered by M.K. Johnson as the target of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy; PNPLA6 mutations cause spastic paraplegia 39 and related syndromes.

Oct 20, 2026

Neuropediatrics

Neuropediatrics (Neuropädiatrie) is a German bimonthly peer-reviewed pediatric neurology journal published by Thieme in Stuttgart since 1980, official organ of the Society for Neuropediatrics, MEDLINE-indexed, impact factor 1.3.

Neuropeptide S

Neuropeptide S (NPS), a 20-amino-acid peptide named for its N-terminal serine, is the endogenous ligand of the GPCR NPSR1 (formerly GPR154). It promotes arousal while reducing anxiety, fear, food intake, and pain; NPSR1 SNPs link to asthma, panic disorder, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Oct 15, 2026

Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter and hormone, one of the most abundant in the mammalian brain, that regulates feeding, stress responses, and cardiovascular function.

Neuropeptides

Neuropeptides: endogenous peptide signaling molecules acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones; distinct from the Elsevier journal Neuropeptides (ISSN 0143-4179, launched 1980, JIF 2.7).

Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacology: branch of pharmacology studying drug interactions with the central and peripheral nervous systems; covers neurotransmitter mechanisms, drug classes (antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiepileptics), the blood-brain barrier, and emerging precision and AI-driven CNS therapies.

Neurophos

Neurophos Inc. is an Austin, Texas-based semiconductor startup founded in 2020 as a Duke University spinout, developing photonic AI inference chips as energy-efficient alternatives to GPUs in data centers.