All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Neurosonography
Neurosonography is ultrasound imaging of the brain and nervous system, covering neonatal and fetal cranial ultrasound and transcranial Doppler of cerebral vessels since the 1980s.
Neurospora
Neurospora, orange bread mold fungi; species N. crassa, N. intermedia, N. sitophila. Model organism where Beadle and Tatum's 1941 work established one gene, one enzyme, winning the 1958 Nobel Prize.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa, red bread mold, is a filamentous ascomycete fungus and classic genetic model organism. Beadle and Tatum's 1941 one gene-one enzyme experiments earned the 1958 Nobel Prize; its 40 Mb, 7-chromosome genome was the first sequenced among filamentous fungi.
Neurospora crassa mycelial protein
Neurospora crassa mycelial protein (Rhiza Mycoprotein) is whole-biomass fungal protein from N. crassa, ~45% protein, 30% fiber, FDA GRAS (GRN 1117, 2024), Singapore- and Canada-reviewed, used in meat alternatives.
Neurosurgeons
Neurosurgeons: surgeons treating brain, spine, and nervous system disorders. About 72,967 worldwide (0.93 per 100,000), unevenly distributed; US density 1.58 per 100,000 with 9.8% lacking access; training requires 54 months of clinical neurosurgery.
Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the surgical specialty treating brain, spine, and nervous system disorders. Founded as a modern field by Harvey Cushing and Walter Dandy; organized via the Society of Neurological Surgeons (1920) and AANS.
Neurosurgical Procedures
Neurosurgical procedures, also called neurologic surgical procedures (MeSH E04.525), are operations on the nervous system or its parts, spanning craniotomy, spine fusion and discectomy, neuroendoscopy, stereotaxis, and endovascular techniques.
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is central nervous system infection by Treponema pallidum, occurring at any syphilis stage. Diagnosed via CSF-VDRL, treponemal tests, cell count, and protein; treated with IV aqueous penicillin G for 10–14 days.
Neurotensin
Neurotensin is a 13-amino-acid peptide, first isolated from bovine hypothalami in 1973, that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, modulating dopamine, and as a gut hormone regulating digestion.
Neurotensin receptor
Neurotensin receptor: NTSR1, NTSR2, and NTSR3/sortilin1, the receptors for the 13-amino-acid peptide neurotensin. NTSR1 is a Gq-preferring class A GPCR regulating blood pressure, temperature, weight, and pain, with landmark peptide-GPCR structures.
Neurotically Yours
Neurotically Yours, also called Foamy the Squirrel, is a Flash-animated web series by Jonathan Ian Mathers (iLL WiLL PrEss), begun as a comic in 2001 and animated from late 2002, starring the ranting squirrel Foamy and his owner Germaine.
Neuroticism
Neuroticism (negative emotionality) is a Big Five and Eysenckian personality trait of chronic emotional instability and distress proneness, distinct from neurosis, with genetic basis and links to mortality, well-being, and job outcomes.
Neurotomy
Neurotomy is the deliberate cutting or ablation of a nerve to interrupt pain signals, most commonly radiofrequency heating of facet joint nerves for chronic low back pain.
Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is harmful structural or functional change in the nervous system caused by chemical, biological, or physical agents, from lead and methylmercury to industrial solvents and pesticides.
Neurotoxicology
Neurotoxicology: study of adverse effects of chemical, biological, or physical agents on the nervous system and behavior; spans clinical diagnosis, neurobehavioural testing, DNT in vitro batteries, and regulation; journal Neurotoxicology founded 1979.
Neurotoxin
A neurotoxin, also known as a neurotoxicant, is a toxic substance of microbial, plant, or animal origin that interferes with nervous system function, including botulinum toxin and tetrodotoxin.
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission, also called synaptic transmission, is how neurons, muscles, and glands communicate: an excited cell releases a neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse to activate or inhibit the receiving cell.
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger (acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, ATP) released by neurons across synapses; discovered via Loewi and Dale's 1936 Nobel work; cotransmission and switching now recognized.
Neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor, also called a neuroreceptor, is a membrane protein that binds neurotransmitters and converts the binding into electrical or biochemical changes, mainly ionotropic and metabotropic types.
Neurotrophic keratopathy
Neurotrophic keratopathy (neurotrophic keratitis) is a rare degenerative corneal disease from trigeminal nerve damage causing loss of corneal sensation, poor healing, and ulceration; treated with cenegermin, serum drops, amniotic membrane, tarsorrhaphy, or neurotization.
Neurotrophin
Neurotrophins: family of neuronal growth factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) signaling via TrkA/B/C and p75NTR receptors; discovered through NGF work by Levi-Montalcini and Cohen, 1986 Nobel Prize.
Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3, NTF3) is a member of the mammalian neurotrophin growth factor family, discovered in 1990; it signals mainly through TrkC and also binds TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR, supporting proprioceptive and sensory neuron survival.
Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4, NT-4/5, NT-5) is the least-studied mammalian neurotrophin, first found in Xenopus and viper, cloned in humans 1992 on chromosome 19q13.3. It signals mainly through TrkB, needs p75 for efficient signaling, and regulates sensory innervation, appetite, memory, fertility, and motor innervation.
NeuroXess (Neuroxess)
NeuroXess (脑虎科技) is a Shanghai-based startup founded by Tao Hu and Peng Lei that develops implantable flexible-electrode brain–computer interfaces and entered Class III registration clinical trials in 2026.
Neurulation
Neurulation is embryonic formation of the neural tube from the neural plate, via primary (folding and fusion) and secondary (tail-bud canalization) phases; failure causes neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, partly preventable with folic acid.
Neuruppersdorf
Neuruppersdorf: village and cadastral community of Wildendürnbach, Mistelbach district, Lower Austria. Known for a rich Germanic Lübsow-group inhumation grave of the early 2nd century AD (Adler 1975) and a Lombard-phase cemetery; first recorded 1267.
Neuschwanstein Castle
Neuschwanstein Castle, or Schloss Neuschwanstein, is a 19th-century historicist palace in Schwangau, Bavaria, begun by King Ludwig II in 1869, never completed, and made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2025.
Neuschwanstein murder
June 2023 killing of American tourist Eva Liu, 21, near Marienbrücke at Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria; Troy B. sentenced to life in Kempten in March 2024 for murder, rape with fatal consequences, and attempted murder.
Neuse River
The Neuse River (Gow-ta-no) is a 250-mile North Carolina river formed by the Eno and Flat Rivers, draining to Pamlico Sound; longest river entirely within the state, home of the CSS Neuse wreck.
Neusoft Group
Neusoft Group (东软集团) is a Chinese software company headquartered in Shenyang, founded in 1991 by Liu Jiren out of Northeastern University and listed in 1996.