All articles starting with N
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Neuss
Neuss, Germany: Rhine-side city in North Rhine-Westphalia opposite Düsseldorf, Roman Novaesium (from 16 BC), 161,224 residents (2026), county seat of Rhein-Kreis Neuss, third-largest inland port.
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is a biennial $50,000 award sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and its magazine World Literature Today since 1970.
Neuston
Neuston is the community of organisms living at, on, or immediately below the air-water interface of oceans, lakes, and ponds, a term introduced by Einar Naumann in 1917.
Neutering
Neutering: surgical or medical prevention of reproduction in pets, chiefly spaying (ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy) and castration (orchiectomy) of dogs and cats; balances population control and pyometra prevention against breed-dependent cancer, orthopedic, and obesity risks.
Neutral atom quantum computer
A neutral atom quantum computer, also called a Rydberg quantum computer, stores qubits in uncharged atoms trapped by laser tweezers, entangling them through Rydberg-state interactions.
Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, or Neutral Buoyancy Lab, is a large indoor pool at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston where astronauts rehearse spacewalks underwater.
Neutral country
A neutral country is a state that stays out of other states' wars and treats belligerents equally under the 1907 Hague law of neutrality; examples include permanent neutrals Switzerland (since 1815) and Austria (1955), distinguished from Cold War non-alignment.
Neutral current
A neutral current is a weak interaction mediated by the electrically neutral Z boson, in which particles scatter without changing charge or flavor; it was discovered at CERN in 1973.
Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis
Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome), autosomal recessive ABHD5/CGI-58 disorder with Jordan's anomaly, congenital ichthyosis, hepatomegaly, and myopathy; distinct from PNPLA2-related NLSDM.
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM, OMIM 610717) is a rare autosomal recessive PNPLA2/ATGL disorder causing adult-onset progressive muscle weakness, Jordans' anomaly, and cardiomyopathy in about 40% of cases.
Neutral Milk Hotel
Neutral Milk Hotel, Jeff Mangum's Elephant 6 indie rock band from Ruston, Louisiana, released On Avery Island (1996) and In the Aeroplane Over the Sea (1998), then went dormant, becoming an influential cult act before a 2013-2015 reunion tour.
Neutral monism
Neutral monism is a monistic metaphysics holding that reality is of one kind, intrinsically neither mental nor material, advanced by Ernst Mach, William James, and Bertrand Russell.
Neutral Moresnet
Neutral Moresnet (Moresnet neutre, Neutraal Moresnet) was a 3.5 km² neutral territory existing 1816–1919, jointly administered by the Netherlands/Belgium and Prussia around the Altenberg zinc mine, briefly proclaimed the Esperanto state Amikejo, and annexed by Belgium under the Treaty of Versailles in 1920.
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
The Neutral Nations Commission (NNSC) is a body of three member nations established by the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement to supervise and inspect the armistice that ended the Korean War.
Neutral Paralympic Athletes at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Neutral Paralympic Athletes (NPA): 30 Russian athletes competing under the IPC flag at PyeongChang 2018 after Russia's doping ban; they won 8 gold, 10 silver, 6 bronze medals, listed separately.
Neutral powers during World War II
Neutral powers during World War II: Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and microstates that stayed outside the Axis and Allies, surviving through economic concessions, trade with both sides, and, in Turkey's case, a symbolic 1945 declaration of war.
Neutral red
Neutral red (C.I. Basic Red 5) is a synthetic phenazine dye that changes from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0 and stains cell lysosomes.
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1968 (King and Jukes 1969): most molecular changes and polymorphisms arise by random drift of neutral or nearly neutral mutants, not selection; basis of the molecular clock and null hypothesis.
Neutral-atom tweezer shuttling
Neutral-atom tweezer shuttling is the technique of moving individual atoms, held in focused laser traps called optical tweezers, between locations in an array while preserving their quantum state.
Neutral-beam injection
Neutral-beam injection, also called neutral beam injection heating, heats fusion plasma by injecting energetic neutral atoms that cross the magnetic field; ITER's two injectors deliver 33 MW.
Neutral-density filter
Neutral-density filter (ND filter): grey optical filter that attenuates all visible wavelengths uniformly, enabling long exposures and daylight video apertures; rated by optical density (ND4 = 25% transmission), made as fixed, variable, or graduated types.
Neutral-point-clamped converter
A neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter is a multilevel power converter topology, introduced in 1981 by Nabae, Takahashi, and Akagi, that produces three voltage levels per phase and is widely used in medium-voltage drives.
Neutral-point-clamped inverter
The neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter is a three-level multilevel inverter introduced by Akira Nabae, Isao Takahashi, and Hirofumi Akagi in 1981, now widely used in medium-voltage motor drives and grid-connected photovoltaic systems.
Neutralino
A neutralino is a neutral Majorana fermion predicted by supersymmetry, formed by mixing the bino, neutral wino, and higgsinos, and its lightest state is a leading WIMP dark matter candidate.
Neutralisation of Rabaul
The neutralisation of Rabaul was the Allied campaign of 1943 and 1944 that encircled and bypassed the major Japanese base at Rabaul rather than capturing it.
Neutrality of money
Neutrality of money is the macroeconomic proposition, traced to David Hume's 1752 essays, that money affects only prices, not real output, in the long run.
Neutrality of the Panama Canal
The neutrality of the Panama Canal is a treaty-based regime keeping the Canal open to vessels of all nations equally, established by the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties.
Neutralization (chemistry)
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water, such as hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
Neutralization assay
A neutralization assay, including virus and toxin neutralization variants, is a serological test measuring whether antibodies block viral infectivity or toxin activity, considered the reference method for protective antibodies.
Neutralization Tests
Neutralization tests are serology assays measuring functional antibodies that block virus infection of cell cultures. Formats include PRNT, microneutralization, pseudovirus tests, and surrogate RBD-ACE2 blocking ELISAs; PRNT is the gold standard.