All articles starting with N
16,460 articles
Neurophysiological monitoring
Neurophysiological monitoring is the continuous measurement of nervous system function to diagnose disorders and protect neural pathways during surgery, using EEG, EMG, and evoked potentials.
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology is the branch of physiology studying nervous system function, from ion channels and action potentials to synaptic transmission and behavior. Key landmarks: Galvani's animal electricity, the 1952 Hodgkin-Huxley model, and clinical tools such as EEG and EMG.
Neuropilin
Neuropilins (NRPs) are a family of single-pass transmembrane receptors with two vertebrate members, NRP1 and NRP2, that co-receive semaphorin and VEGF signals and guide axons and blood vessel growth.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity (neural plasticity, brain plasticity): the nervous system's lifelong ability to reorganize structure, function, and connections, via synaptic and structural change, critical periods, and post-injury recovery.
Neuroprotection
Neuroprotection is any strategy that interrupts or slows the biochemical events leading to irreversible death of nerve cells, studied in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease.
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE): 19 ACR-defined CNS and PNS syndromes in SLE, affecting roughly one-third of patients, driven by inflammatory and thrombotic mechanisms, treated with immunosuppression or antithrombotics.
Neuropsychologia
Neuropsychologia is an Elsevier peer-reviewed journal founded in 1963, the first with "neuropsychologia" in its name, publishing experimental and theoretical studies linking brain function to human cognition, with editors from Hécaen to Mick Rugg.
Neuropsychological assessment
Neuropsychological assessment is a clinical psychology method that uses standardized tests of cognition, behavior, and emotion to evaluate brain function and guide diagnosis and treatment planning.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation
Neuropsychological rehabilitation: clinical restoration and compensation of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and psychosocial impairments after acquired brain injury; uses ICF outcomes, goal-based strategy training, and combined cognitive-psychological interventions (g = 0.42).
Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology is the scientific field studying how the nervous system's physiological processes connect to behavior and cognition, guiding diagnosis, assessment, and rehabilitation of brain disorders.
Neuroptera
Neuroptera, the lacewings, antlions, owlflies, and mantisflies, is an insect order in the superorder Neuropterida with about 6,000 species, net-veined membranous wings, and predatory sickle-jawed larvae used in aphid biological control.
Neuroqueer theory
Neuroqueer theory: a critical framework joining queer theory and neurodiversity, coined publicly around 2014 by Walker, Yergeau, Michaels-Dillon, and Grace, treating queerness and neurodivergence as inseparable and critiquing neuronormativity.
Neuroradiography
Neuroradiography is the radiography of the central nervous system, indexed by MeSH D009485, which uses classic X-ray techniques and modern practice extending into computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology: medical specialty interpreting brain, spine, and head-and-neck imaging (CT, MRI, angiography) plus interventional treatment; journals include Neuroradiology, AJNR, Journal of Neuroradiology; Taveras regarded as its father.
Neuroregeneration
Neuroregeneration: regrowth and repair of nervous tissue after injury. PNS axons regrow; adult mammalian CNS axons fail due to myelin inhibitors (Nogo, MAG, OMgp), glial scar CSPGs, and low intrinsic growth state.
NeuroRehabilitation
NeuroRehabilitation is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal on neurologic rehabilitation, founded 1991, published by IOS Press then SAGE from 2025, ISSN 1053-8135, indexed in MEDLINE.
Neuroreport
Neuroreport (NeuroReport), ISSN 0959-4965, is a peer-reviewed rapid-communication neuroscience journal founded in 1990, published 18 times a year by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and indexed in MEDLINE since its first issue.
Neuroretinitis
Neuroretinitis: inflammation of the optic nerve and peripapillary retina causing vision loss, disc swelling, and a macular star; most often caused by Bartonella henselae (cat-scratch disease), with about half of cases idiopathic.
Neurorights and neurotechnology regulation
Neurorights are legal protections for mental integrity against neurotechnology. Chile amended its constitution in 2021, the OECD set the first standard in 2019, and UNESCO adopted a global recommendation in 2025.
Neurosarcoidosis
Neurosarcoidosis is nervous system involvement by sarcoidosis, affecting about 5% of sarcoidosis patients, most often with cranial neuropathy; treated with glucocorticoids plus methotrexate, azathioprine, or infliximab.
Neuroscience
Neuroscience: the scientific study of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, neurons, glia) across molecular to behavioral levels; also known as brain science; spans the NIH BRAIN Initiative, neuroethics, and clinical neurosciences.
Neuroscience in space
Neuroscience in space is the study of how spaceflight environments, chiefly microgravity, radiation, and disrupted day-night cycles, affect the nervous system, producing brain shifts, motion sickness, and altered cognition in astronauts.
Neuroscience Information Framework
Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), at neuinfo.org, is an NIH Blueprint-funded semantic search portal and resource inventory for neuroscience, created 2005, in production since 2008, using the NIFSTD ontology and federated queries over databases, tools, and literature.
Neuroscience of free will
Neuroscience of free will, or neuroscience of volition, studies neural mechanisms of voluntary action, centered on Libet's 1980s readiness-potential experiments; over 2,000 papers now question whether unconscious brain activity preceding conscious intention undermines free will.
Neuroscience of sex differences
Neuroscience of sex differences: field studying how biological sex relates to brain structure, chemistry, and function. Key issues: mosaic hypothesis (Joel 2015), ~1% variance beyond brain size, hormonal and sex-chromosome mechanisms, and male bias in research.
Neuroscience research
Neuroscience research: study of the nervous system and its publishing ecosystem of about 750 journals, spanning society titles like Neuroscience Research (Japan Neuroscience Society), open access models, peer review variants, and citation metrics.
Neuroscientist
Neuroscientist: a scientist who studies the nervous system, from molecules and cells to circuits, behavior, and cognition. Interdisciplinary field formalized with the Society for Neuroscience in 1969; typically Ph.D.-trained.
Neurosecretion
Neurosecretion: hormone and transmitter release by nerve cells; neurosecretory neurons link nervous and endocrine systems. Proposed by Speidel 1917 and the Scharrers, established by Bargmann 1949, founding neuroendocrinology.
Neurosis
Neurosis: historical psychiatric term for anxiety-based disorders with intact reality testing, coined by Cullen in the 1780s, central to Freud, removed from DSM-III (1980); not a current DSM-5-TR or ICD-11 diagnosis.
Neurosis (band)
Neurosis, American post-metal band formed in Oakland, California in 1985, pioneer of atmospheric sludge; albums Pain of Mind (1987), Through Silver in Blood (1996), An Undying Love for a Burning World (2026).