All articles starting with O

Organizational structure

Organizational structure is how a company arranges job titles, hierarchy levels, spans of control, and decision-making, taking forms such as functional, divisional, matrix, network, and flat designs.

Organizational theory

Organizational theory is the macro-level study of organizations as wholes: how their structures are designed, how they coordinate and control work, and how they relate to their environments.

Organizationally unique identifier

An organizationally unique identifier (OUI) is a 24-bit number assigned by the IEEE Registration Authority that uniquely identifies a vendor or organization, forming the first three octets of a MAC address.

Organizations of the Dune universe

Organizations of the Dune universe: Spacing Guild, Bene Gesserit, CHOAM, Landsraad, House Corrino, Mentats, Bene Tleilax. Institutions dominating Frank Herbert's Dune novels' politics, religion, trade, and space travel.

Organized crime

Organized crime: continuing profit-driven crime by structured groups. Key facts: UNTOC (2000) defines organized criminal groups (3+ members, serious crimes, material benefit) but not the term itself; estimated $870 billion yearly.

Oct 3, 2026

Organized Crime & Triad Bureau

Organized Crime and Triad Bureau (OCTB, 有組織罪案及三合會調查科, O記) is a Hong Kong Police unit investigating triad, organized, cross-border, and terrorist crime; also the title of Kirk Wong's 1994 film 重案實錄Ｏ記.

Organized crime in Italy

Organized crime in Italy: Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta, Camorra, and Sacra Corona Unita, mafia-type groups defined by Article 416-bis (1982), trafficking drugs and infiltrating public procurement and the legal economy.

Sep 19, 2026

Organized Konfusion

Organized Konfusion was a hip hop duo from Queens, New York, formed by Prince Po and Pharoahe Monch, known for three lyrically dense albums released between 1991 and 1997.

Organized Noize

Organized Noize is an Atlanta-based hip-hop and R&B production trio formed in 1992, comprising Rico Wade, Ray Murray, and Sleepy Brown, best known for TLC's "Waterfalls" and OutKast's early albums.

Organizing (management)

Organizing is the management function of structuring an organization, assigning authority and responsibility, allocating resources, and coordinating activities; its design choices are collectively called organizational design.

Organizing for Action

Organizing for Action (OFA) is the 501(c)(4) nonprofit issue-advocacy group formed in January 2013 from Obama's 2012 campaign, chaired by Jim Messina, which raised an estimated $48.3 million through 2017 supporting Obama's second-term agenda.

Organoboron chemistry

Organoboron chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with compounds containing a direct carbon-to-boron bond, from boranes to boronic acids, and among the most widely used reagents in modern organic synthesis.

Organocatalysis

Organocatalysis is catalysis by small organic molecules rather than metals or enzymes, distinguished in asymmetric form by the 2021 Nobel Prize to List and MacMillan.

Organocatalytic asymmetric photoredox dual catalysis

Organocatalytic asymmetric photoredox dual catalysis is a synthetic chemistry strategy where a photoredox catalyst generates radicals and a chiral organocatalyst directs them into highly enantioselective bonds.

Organocatalytic enantioselective photoredox conjugate addition

Organocatalytic enantioselective photoredox conjugate addition is a dual-catalysis method in organic synthesis in which a photocatalyst generates carbon-centered radicals and a chiral amine catalyst adds them enantioselectively to enals.

Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization

Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization uses small organic molecules made only of nonmetal elements as catalysts, chiefly for cyclic esters and carbonates, producing biodegradable polymers free of costly metallic residues.

Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization

Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a light-driven, metal-free polymerization in which organic photoredox catalysts, rather than copper complexes, control radical growth, first reported in Science in 2016.

Organohaloaluminate electrolyte

An organohaloaluminate electrolyte is a class of non-aqueous battery electrolyte, made from a Grignard reagent and an aluminum Lewis acid, that enabled the first rechargeable magnesium battery in 2000.

Organohydrogels

Organohydrogels are crosslinked polymer gels whose network holds a mixed water and organic solvent, such as glycerol or ethylene glycol, resisting freezing and drying for wearable electronics.

Organoid

Organoid: lab-grown 3D mini-organ-like structure self-organized from stem, progenitor, or tumor cells that mimics tissue architecture and function; used in disease modeling, drug screening, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine, distinct from spheroids, assembloids, and organ-on-chip systems.

Organoid culture

Organoid culture is a cell culture method in which stem cells grown in a three-dimensional matrix self-organize into miniature organ-like structures used to study development and disease.

Organoid transplantation

Organoid transplantation is a stem cell biology method that implants lab-grown organoids into living hosts, where host blood vessels vascularize the graft and it matures in vivo.

Organolanthanide chemistry

Organolanthanide chemistry, also called organolanthanides, is the branch of organometallic chemistry concerned with compounds containing lanthanide–carbon bonds, begun in 1954 and now a major area of homogeneous catalysis, polymerization, and redox chemistry.

Organoleptic testing

Organoleptic testing is sensory testing carried out by human assessors, treated as a measuring instrument, used in quality control for accept/reject and difference-or-similarity decisions, with analytical product-focused and affective consumer-focused tests.

Organolithium reagent

An organolithium reagent is an organometallic compound containing a carbon-lithium bond, first prepared in 1917 and widely used in organic synthesis as a strong base and nucleophile.

Organometallic chemistry

Organometallic chemistry, also known as metallochemistry, is the study of compounds containing metal–carbon bonds, a field begun with Zeise's salt in 1825 and central to Grignard reagents, ferrocene, and industrial catalysis.

Organon (Ὄργανον)

The Organon (Ὄργανον, "instrument") is the traditional six-work collection of Aristotle's logical treatises, from Categories to Sophistical Refutations; the title is post-Aristotelian, reflecting Hellenistic debates on logic's status, with distinct Latin, Syriac, and Arabic transmission lines.