All articles starting with O
9,097 articles
Organisation Todt
Organisation Todt (Todt Organization) was the civil and military engineering and construction organization of Nazi Germany, created in May 1938 and named after its founder Fritz Todt.
Organised crime in India
Organised crime in India: structured syndicates committing continuing unlawful activity for profit, from Mumbai's D-Company to sand and gold mafias. Governed by MCOCA 1999, UAPA, PMLA, and BNS 2023 Sections 111–112; 840 organised crime cases registered in 2024.
Organised crime in Ireland
Organised crime in Ireland: family-based gangs (Kinahan, Hutch), the New IRA, cocaine trafficking via Dublin and ports, GNDOCB and Criminal Justice Act 2006 responses, €390m seizures since 2019, and the €157m MV Matthew case.
Organising Committee for the Olympic Games
An Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG) is the temporary body that plans, finances, and stages one edition of the Olympic Games, then dissolves.
Organising committees of non-Olympic multisport Games
Organising committees of non-Olympic multisport Games are temporary delivery bodies that stage events such as the FISU World University Games and The World Games, with no single template.
Organism
Organism: the fundamental living unit of biology, defined by metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, reproduction, and homeostasis; all known organisms are cellular, though no universal formal definition exists and holobionts challenge individuality.
Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones
The Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones (OSIPTEL) is Peru's independent telecommunications regulator, created in 1991, which sets tariffs, oversees competition among operators, and resolves consumer complaints.
Organizacion de Narcotraficantes Unidos
La Organización de Narcotraficantes Unidos (La ONU) is a Puerto Rican drug-trafficking alliance formed around 2004 by San Juan housing-project gangs, distinct from Colombia's Clan del Golfo; it trafficked cocaine to New York and was dismantled through RICO prosecutions.
Organization
Organization: a social entity with differentiated roles and coordinated activities toward common objectives (formal and informal). Covers Weber's bureaucracy, comparative analysis, organizational design models, new organizational forms, and AI-driven organizational change.
Organization and Administration
Organization and Administration (MeSH D009934) is the planning and managing of programs, services, and resources in health care, covering governance, hospital and personnel administration, and performance measurement in health systems.
Organization development
Organization development (OD), also called organisational development, is a field of planned, organization-wide change grounded in behavioral science. Traced to Kurt Lewin's 1946 New Britain workshop, the T-group, NTL, and action research; distinguished from change management and HR.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
OSCE: world's largest regional security organization, 57 participating States from Vancouver to Vladivostok; evolved from the 1975 Helsinki Final Act CSCE process, renamed OSCE on 1 January 1995, with ODIHR, field operations, and an annually rotating chair, currently Switzerland in 2026.
Organization of ambassador posting lists
Organization of ambassador posting lists covers how registers of heads of diplomatic mission are indexed, by the sending state (the default) or by the receiving state.
Organization of American States
Organization of American States (OAS; Organización de los Estados Americanos), regional body of 34 Western Hemisphere states founded by the 1948 Bogotá Charter, successor to the Pan American Union; four pillars: democracy, human rights, security, development; Nicaragua withdrew in 2023.
Organization of Central American States
The Organization of Central American States (ODECA), founded in San Salvador in 1951, promoted regional cooperation and integration before becoming SICA under the 1991 Tegucigalpa Protocol.
Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church is organized as a family of self-governing autocephalous churches, held together by shared faith and sacraments rather than central authority, with the Ecumenical Patriarch first among equals.
Organization of the Guru Granth Sahib
The Guru Granth Sahib, the principal scripture of Sikhism, is organized primarily by raga rather than by author, opening with Japji Sahib and containing 5,894 hymns across 1,430 pages.
Organization of the New York City Police Department
Organization of the NYPD: the New York City Police Department's bureau structure, 78 precincts, 12 transit districts, 9 housing PSAs, patrol boroughs, leadership under the Police Commissioner, and oversight bodies.
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
Organization of the United States Marine Corps: the Corps' structure under the Department of the Navy and Commandant, covering HQMC, Fleet Marine Forces, MAGTFs (MEF, MEB, MEU), the rule of three, supporting establishment, Reserve, and Force Design reorganization.
Organization of the veterinary profession
The organization of the veterinary profession centers on Veterinary Statutory Bodies, which license veterinarians under WOAH standards, with associations, specialist colleges, and school accreditation systems around them.
Organization of Turkic States
Organization of Turkic States (Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı), formerly the Turkic Council, founded by the 2009 Nakhchivan Agreement; five members, secretariat in Istanbul, Secretary General Kubanychbek Omuraliev, cooperation in 20+ areas.
Organizational behavior
Organizational behavior (OB) studies individual, group, and organizational behavior at work, drawing on psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics; its formative episode was the 1924–32 Hawthorne Studies at Western Electric, which launched the human relations movement.
Organizational chart
An organizational chart, also known as an org chart or organogram, is a diagram showing an organization's roles, units, and reporting relationships in levels from leadership down.
Organizational communication
Organizational communication is the study and practice of how messages are sent and received within organizations to achieve individual and common goals, and how context shapes them.
Organizational conflict
Organizational conflict, also called workplace conflict, is disagreement or friction inside a workplace between individuals or teams, over the work itself, how it is done, or personal relationships.
Organizational culture
Organizational culture, also called corporate or business culture, is the shared values, beliefs, and assumptions that guide behavior in an organization, taught to new members as the correct way to think and act.
Organizational Innovation
Organizational innovation: introduction of changes new to an organization and created by management (MeSH D009936), also called organizational change; covers management and administrative innovation, determinants, measurement frameworks, and employee-driven innovation in health organizations.
Organizational Objectives
Organizational objectives are formalized statements of the end states an organization or unit intends to reach, the basis of Management by Objectives (Drucker, 1954), SMART goals, and OKRs, and grounded in Locke and Latham's goal-setting theory of specific, difficult goals.
Organizational Platform debates
The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists is a 1926 pamphlet by Russian anarchist exiles around Nestor Makhno in Paris, proposing a single unified anarchist organization.
Organizational Policy
Organizational policy is a written statement of an organization's position or course of action, setting broad boundaries for decisions in public, non-profit, and business sectors.