All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Parent-in-law
Parent-in-law: the father-in-law or mother-in-law, the parent of one's spouse. An affinal (marriage-created) kin relation, traced etymologically to Canon Law via brother-in-law (13c.) and PIE swekuros.
Parent–child interaction therapy
Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is a behavioral parent-training treatment for children aged 2 to 7 with disruptive behavior, in which therapists coach caregivers in real time through an earpiece.
Parental abuse by children
Parental abuse by children, also called child-to-parent violence (CPV) or CAPVA, is abuse of a parent or carer by a child, physical, psychological, or financial; average prevalence about 35%, linked to early family victimization, with no universal definition.
Parental Advisory
Parental Advisory is the voluntary RIAA warning label for US recordings with strong language or violence, sex, or substance abuse, created November 1, 1985 after the PMRC campaign and standardized in 1990.
Parental alienation
Parental alienation: proposed dynamic where a child unjustifiably rejects a parent, coined as PAS by Richard Gardner in 1985; excluded from ICD-11 and DSM, scientifically contested, and widely criticized as misused in custody disputes.
Parental alienation syndrome
Parental alienation syndrome (PAS), a proposed child disorder defined by Richard Gardner in 1985 in custody disputes; excluded from DSM-5 and ICD-11 and rejected by major professional organizations as pseudoscience.
Parental Consent
Parental consent: informed consent a parent gives on behalf of a minor or incompetent child for medical treatment or research, paired with child assent, subject to IRB waivers, Gillick competence, and varying national rules.
Parental Guidance (film)
Parental Guidance is a 2012 American family comedy directed by Andy Fickman, starring Billy Crystal and Bette Midler as grandparents babysitting tech-savvy grandkids; released December 25, 2012, grossed $77.3M.
Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act
Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA), 1980 federal law codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1738A, sets national jurisdiction standards for interstate child custody and requires full faith and credit to compliant sister-state custody orders.
Parental leave
Parental leave: employment-protected, often paid time off for parents of a new child, alongside maternity and paternity leave. ILO standards set 14 weeks maternity; 68 of 185 countries have parental leave rights; the US mandates only 12 weeks unpaid.
Parentatio Rupes
Parentatio Rupes is an IAU-approved scarp (rupes) on asteroid 4 Vesta, 99.34 km across, centered at 73.75 degrees south latitude; named in 2014 for the Roman funeral-rite festival of the Parentalia.
Parenteral Infusions
Parenteral infusions deliver fluids, nutrients, or medications by non-enteral routes, chiefly intravenous, also subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal. Distinguished by osmolarity-based access choice, filtration requirements, and home OPAT self-administration.
Parenteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition (PN), formerly total parenteral nutrition (TPN), is intravenous feeding via central or peripheral catheter for patients whose GI tract cannot meet nutritional needs; developed clinically by Stanley Dudrick in 1968, with home PN for chronic intestinal failure.
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC), also called PNALD or IFALD, is direct hyperbilirubinemia from prolonged intravenous feeding, mainly in premature and low-birth-weight infants; fish oil lipid emulsions show reversal benefit, prevention evidence mixed.
Parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing places source identification, author with date or page, inside parentheses in the text, as in APA (Author, Year), MLA (Author Page), and Chicago author-date styles.
Parenthood (2010 TV series)
Parenthood (2010 TV series): NBC family comedy-drama created by Jason Katims, loosely based on the 1989 film; six seasons, 103 episodes, 2010-2015, Braverman family of Berkeley, California.
Parenthood (film)
Parenthood is a 1989 American comedy-drama film directed by Ron Howard, starring Steve Martin as Gil Buckman, and following four adult Buckman siblings raising children.
Parentification
Parentification, also called adultification or parent-child role reversal, is a family dynamic in which a child takes on developmentally inappropriate parental duties. Emotional parentification is linked to depressive symptoms; instrumental forms show weaker effects.
Parenting
Parenting, also called child-rearing, is providing nurturing care to children by parents or other caregivers. Key facts: four parenting styles with authoritative favored, harsh discipline prevalence, WHO and UNICEF support programmes, digital-age challenges.
Parenting Scale
The Parenting Scale is a 30-item self-report questionnaire measuring dysfunctional parental discipline, especially laxness and overreactivity, used in parent-training research and clinical assessment since its 1993 introduction.
Parenting styles
Parenting styles: the Baumrind and Maccoby-Martin typology of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting, built on warmth and control dimensions, with outcomes and cultural limits.
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Parents Involved v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007), consolidated with Meredith v. Jefferson County, held voluntary race-based K-12 student assignment plans in Seattle and Louisville unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
Parents Music Resource Center
The Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), founded in 1985 by Tipper Gore, Susan Baker, Pam Howar, and Sally Nevius, was a Washington pressure group whose Senate hearing and RIAA agreement created the Parental Advisory music label.
Parents' Day
Parents' Day: US National Parents' Day (fourth Sunday of July, 36 U.S.C. § 135, signed by Clinton in 1994) and the UN Global Day of Parents (June 1, resolution A/RES/66/292, 2012); observances, not public holidays.
Pareques acuminatus
Pareques acuminatus, the high-hat (also cubbyu, striped drum; formerly Equetus acuminatus), is a small western Atlantic sciaenid reef fish with dark brown stripes and a tall dorsal fin, kept in aquariums, revised taxonomically in 2022.
Pares (food)
Pares is a Filipino dish of beef braised in sweet-savory soy sauce with star anise, served with garlic fried rice and broth, named from Tagalog for "pair".
Paresh Rawal (परेश रावल)
Paresh Rawal (परेश रावल), Indian actor, comedian, producer, former BJP MP from Ahmedabad East, and National School of Drama chairperson; known for Hera Pheri's Baburao, the Sardar Patel biopic, National Film and Filmfare awards, and Padma Shri.
Paresh Vyas
Paresh Vyas is a physician-scientist who is Professor of Haematology at the University of Oxford and leads an MRC Molecular Haematology Unit group studying leukemia stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia.
Paresis of accommodation
Paresis of accommodation (ICD-11 9D01.1) is partial loss of lens-focusing power from ciliary muscle or parasympathetic pathway disruption, caused by CN III palsy, drugs, diphtheria, diabetes, or midbrain lesions.
Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal spontaneous sensation such as tingling, pins and needles, or burning, occurring transiently or persistently anywhere along the somatosensory pathway; distinct from dysesthesia (unpleasant) and numbness (lost sensation), with causes ranging from harmless limb compression to neuropathy.