All articles starting with P

PEN-Zentrum Deutschland

PEN-Zentrum Deutschland, or PEN Germany, is the German national center of PEN International, an association of German-writing writers founded in 1924, based in Darmstadt, and known for aiding persecuted authors.

PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction

The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction is an annual American literary prize honoring fiction by American permanent residents, founded by Mary Lee Settle in 1980 and first awarded to Walter Abish in 1981.

Oct 3, 2026

PEN15

PEN15 is a Hulu cringe comedy (2019-2021) in which creators Maya Erskine and Anna Konkle play their 13-year-old selves in the year 2000; Emmy-nominated, two seasons, Peabody nominee.

PENA

PENA (Persatuan Penulis Nasional Malaysia, the National Writers' Association of Malaysia) is a literary association founded in Kuala Lumpur in 1961 to unite Malay-language writers.

Pena Palace

Pena Palace (Palácio Nacional da Pena) is a Romanticist palace in the Sintra Hills of Portugal, built by King Ferdinand II between 1840 and 1854 atop a 16th-century monastery.

Penaeus aztecus

Penaeus aztecus (Farfantepenaeus aztecus), the brown shrimp or northern brown shrimp, is a penaeid prawn native from Massachusetts to Yucatan, a major Gulf of Mexico fishery species, and an invasive in the Mediterranean since 2010.

Penaeus chinensis

Penaeus chinensis (fleshy prawn, Fenneropenaeus chinensis), a cool-water penaeid shrimp endemic to the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, China's main native farmed shrimp, subject of large stock enhancement releases and a chromosome-level genome.

Penaeus duorarum

Penaeus duorarum (pink shrimp, northern pink shrimp; synonym Farfantepenaeus duorarum) is a western Atlantic penaeid shrimp from Chesapeake Bay to Yucatan, supporting a major southeastern U.S. fishery with stocks not overfished.

Penaeus japonicus

Penaeus japonicus (kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, Japanese tiger prawn) is an Indo-West Pacific penaeid shrimp, 22.5 cm max, founder of shrimp aquaculture via Fujinaga's 1933 spawning success, farmed in Japan and the Mediterranean, and invasive in the Suez-invaded eastern Mediterranean.

Penaeus kerathurus

Penaeus kerathurus, the caramote prawn (Melicertus kerathurus), is a large Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic penaeid shrimp of sandy-mud bottoms, fished mainly in the Adriatic and studied for aquaculture.

Penaeus merguiensis

Penaeus merguiensis (banana prawn, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), a commercially important penaeid prawn of the Indo-West Pacific, fished from the Persian Gulf to Australia and cultured in Asian brackishwater ponds.

Penaeus monodon

Penaeus monodon, the giant tiger prawn or black tiger shrimp, is a large Indo-West Pacific penaeid shrimp, second most cultured shrimp worldwide after L. vannamei, with 805,987 t farmed in 2023, led by Vietnam, China, Indonesia, India, and Bangladesh.

Penaeus semisulcatus

Penaeus semisulcatus, the green or grooved tiger prawn, is a large Indo-West Pacific penaeid shrimp (2–130 m, muddy/sandy bottoms) supporting major trawl fisheries in India, the Red Sea, and Australia.

Penaeus setiferus

Penaeus setiferus (white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, camarón blanco) is a western Atlantic penaeid shrimp from the U.S. east coast and Gulf of Mexico; both U.S. stocks are not overfished.

Penaeus stylirostris

Penaeus stylirostris (Litopenaeus stylirostris), Pacific blue shrimp or camarón azul, a penaeid shrimp native from Mexico to Peru; major farmed species in Mexico and New Caledonia, IHHNV-susceptible but TSV-refractory, with supershrimp resistant lines.

Penaia Ganilau

Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau was a Fijian high chief and statesman who served as the last Governor-General of Fiji and became the republic's first President in 1987.

Sep 23, 2026

Penal Code of Great Zhou

The Penal Code of Great Zhou (大周刑统) was a penal code of Later Zhou, promulgated by edict in 958 and a forerunner of the Song Penal Code.

Penal colony

A penal colony, also called a penal settlement, is a remote settlement where convicts serve sentences of transportation through exile and forced labor, used widely by European powers from the 17th to 20th centuries.

Penal labor in the United States

Penal labor in the United States: work by roughly 800,000 incarcerated people, also called prison labor, permitted by the 13th Amendment's punishment exception. Wages run from a few cents per hour to nothing; output exceeds $11 billion yearly.

Penal labour

Penal labor, also known as prison labor or penal servitude, is work performed by convicted prisoners as punishment, ranging from compulsory prison work to convict leasing and penal colonies.

Penal transportation

Penal transportation: punishment by exiling convicted offenders to penal colonies. Britain sent ~69,000 convicts to the Americas before 1776 and 158,702 to Australia, 1788–1868; also practiced by Portuguese, French, Spanish, Russian, and other empires.

Penal treadmill

Penal treadmill (treadwheel, 'everlasting staircase'), invented by William Cubitt around 1817-1818 for Bury St Edmunds and Brixton prisons; a rotating stepped wheel climbed by prisoners as hard labour, in 54 British prisons by 1824 and banned in 1902.

Sep 29, 2026

Penalized regression

Penalized regression is a family of regression methods that adds a penalty on coefficient size to improve prediction, including ridge regression, the lasso, and the elastic net.

Oct 20, 2026

Peñalolén

Peñalolén is a commune in southeast Santiago, Chile, created 15 November 1984 from Ñuñoa; name means 'fraternal meeting place' in Mapudungún. 54 km², 236,478 residents (2024 census), mayor Miguel Concha Manso.

Penalties in English law

Penalties in English law: the rule against penalty clauses, from Dunlop's genuine pre-estimate test to the Cavendish/ParkingEye legitimate-interest test, covering secondary obligations, deposits, forfeiture, and comparative approaches.

Penalty (gridiron football)

Penalty (gridiron football): rule-imposed sanction for a foul, usually 5, 10, or 15 yards, with acceptance/declination, offsetting, half-the-distance cap; NFL 2024 rate 4.33% of plays, led by false start and holding.

Penalty (ice hockey)

Penalty (ice hockey): rule infraction punished by penalty-box time (minor 2 min, double minor 4, major 5, misconduct 10, game misconduct) or a penalty shot; also delayed calls, penalty killing, and NHL vs IIHF differences.

Penalty area

Penalty area: the 16.5 m (18 yd) rectangle in front of each football goal, defined in IFAB Law 1, containing the 11 m penalty mark; fouls by defenders inside it give a penalty kick, and goalkeepers holding the ball over eight seconds concede a corner.

Penalty card

Penalty card: yellow or red card shown by a football referee; yellow cautions, red sends off. Devised by Ken Aston after the 1966 Rattín dismissal, first used at the 1970 World Cup.