All articles starting with P
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Penalty method
The penalty method is a numerical optimization technique that turns a constrained minimization problem into a sequence of unconstrained problems by penalizing constraint violations in the objective function.
Penalty shoot-out (association football)
Penalty shoot-out (association football), also called penalties, is the IFAB Law 10 tie-breaker adopted 27 June 1970: five alternating kicks per team then sudden death, replacing replays and drawing of lots.
Penance
Penance is the Catholic sacrament by which the faithful who confess their sins to a priest, are sorry, and intend to reform obtain God's forgiveness through absolution.
Penang
Penang (Pulau Pinang), Malaysian state of Penang Island and Seberang Perai; founded by Francis Light in 1786, first Straits Settlements capital, George Town UNESCO site since 2008, semiconductor and heritage hub.
Penang Botanic Gardens
Penang Botanic Gardens (Taman Botani Pulau Pinang), the Waterfall Gardens, is Malaysia's oldest botanic garden, established 1884 by Nathaniel Cantley with first curator Charles Curtis on a former granite quarry at Penang Hill, about 29 hectares with free entry.
Penang Bridge
The Penang Bridge (Jambatan Pulau Pinang) is a 13.5 km toll bridge in Malaysia linking Gelugor on Penang Island with Prai on the mainland, opened in 1985 as the island's first land link.
Penang Free School
Penang Free School (PFS), founded 21 October 1816 by Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings, is the oldest English-medium school in Southeast Asia, a boys-only secondary school on Green Lane, George Town, Penang, whose alumni include Tunku Abdul Rahman, P. Ramlee, and Wu Lien Teh.
Penang International Airport
Penang International Airport, also known as Bayan Lepas International Airport, is an international airport in Bayan Lepas, 16 km south of George Town, the capital of Penang, Malaysia.
Penardun Linea
Penardun Linea is a 975-km linea (linear tectonic feature) on Venus at 54°S, 344°E, IAU-approved in 1991 and named for a Celtic sky goddess.
Peñarol
Peñarol (Club Atlético Peñarol), Montevideo football club founded 1891 as CURCC railway club; 5 Copa Libertadores, 3 Intercontinental Cups, IFFHS South American Club of the Century; Nacional's clásico rival.
Peñasquito mine
Peñasquito is a polymetallic open-pit mine in Mazapil, Zacatecas, Mexico, producing gold, silver, lead, and zinc since 2009. Owned by Newmont, it is Mexico's largest gold mine.
Penbutolol
Penbutolol (Levatol) is a nonselective beta blocker with moderate intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, about four times as potent as propranolol, formerly used for mild to moderate hypertension at 20-40 mg once daily; discontinued in the US.
Pencak silat
Pencak silat, also silat or silek, a family of Indonesian martial arts spanning sport, self-defence, mental-spiritual, and artistic aspects; inscribed by UNESCO in 2019, governed internationally by PERSILAT (formed 1980).
Pencho Slaveykov
Pencho Slaveykov (Пенчо П. Славейков, 1866–1912) was a Bulgarian modernist poet, essayist, and translator, son of the writer Petko Slaveykov, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912.
Penciclovir
Penciclovir (Denavir) is a topical 1% guanine-derivative antiviral cream approved in the US in 1996 for recurrent herpes labialis; it inhibits HSV DNA polymerase after intracellular activation, shortening healing by about one day.
Pencik
Pencik (پنچيك) was the Ottoman regulation under which one-fifth of war captives, or their value, went to the state; introduced after Edirne fell in 1361, it staffed the early Janissaries.
Pencil
A pencil, also called a graphite pencil, is a writing and drawing implement whose graphite-and-clay core marks by abrasion, held in a wood, plastic, or paper casing and erased with an eraser.
Pencil (film)
Pencil (பென்சில்) is a 2016 Tamil teen thriller directed by Mani Nagaraj, starring G. V. Prakash Kumar, Sri Divya, and Shariq Hassan; a remake of the Korean 4th Period Mystery, released 13 May 2016 after delays.
Pencil lead
Pencil lead is the writing core of a pencil, a graphite and clay rod that leaves an erasable black mark and contains no actual lead.
Pencil test (breasts)
Pencil test (breasts): folk test placing a pencil under an unsupported breast; if it stays, a bra is advised. Attributed to Ann Landers, spread by mid-20th-century magazines, later recast as a sagging or breast-lift criterion and widely criticized as unreliable.
Pencilmation
Pencilmation is an American animated comedy web series by Ross Bollinger, begun on Newgrounds in 2004 and centered on Pencilmate and Pencilmiss; its YouTube channel became the platform's most viewed and most subscribed animation channel, with 20.5M subscribers and 12.3B views by 2026.
Pencils
Pencils (ペンシルズ) is a Nikoli grid logic puzzle: solvers partition the grid into straight pencil shapes with tips, use number clues for pencil lengths, and draw non-branching lines from each tip.
Penconazole
Penconazole (CAS 66246-88-6), a systemic triazole DMI fungicide controlling powdery mildew and pome fruit scab on grapes, pome and stone fruit, cucurbits, and strawberries; EU-approved since 2010, ADI 0.03 mg/kg bw/day, approval extended to 15 February 2029.
Pencycuron
Pencycuron (NTN 19701, Monceren), a phenylurea fungicide introduced by Bayer in Japan in 1985, non-systemic and protective, specifically controls Rhizoctonia solani (potato black scurf, rice sheath blight) by inhibiting mitosis; FRAC group 20; not EU-approved.
Pend d'Oreilles
Pend d'Oreilles (Ql̓ispé, Kalispel), Salish-speaking tribe of Flathead Lake, Clark Fork, and Pend Oreille rivers; French name from shell earrings; Hellgate Treaty 1855; now part of Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
Pendant drop tensiometry
Pendant drop tensiometry is an optical method that measures surface or interfacial tension from the shape of a drop hanging from a needle, fitting the Young–Laplace equation.
Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit
Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit, by Rembrandt, 1634, life-size full-length wedding pendants; only such pair in his oeuvre; jointly bought 2016 by the Netherlands and France for €160 million, alternating between Rijksmuseum and Louvre.
Pende Panya Ngombe mask
The Panya Ngombe mask is a horizontally extended wooden buffalo mask of the Eastern Pende people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, danced during boys' initiation.
Pendimethalin
Pendimethalin (CAS 40487-42-1), a dinitroaniline pre-emergent herbicide inhibiting microtubule-based cell division, used on corn, rice, soybeans, cereals, and vegetables; EU candidate for substitution under PBT review with fish BCF 3311 L/kg.
Pendine Sands
Pendine Sands, a seven-mile Carmarthenshire beach in Wales, hosted world land speed records 1924-1927 (Campbell, Parry Thomas's fatal Babs crash), and remains a record venue, MOD range, and SAC dune site.