All articles starting with P
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Philolaus (lunar crater)
Philolaus is an impact crater on the Moon's northern near side, about 71 km wide, named for the Greek philosopher Philolaus of Croton and adopted by the IAU in 1935.
Philology
Philology is the scholarly study of texts through language, history, and culture, spanning textual criticism, historical linguistics, and hermeneutics. Rooted in Alexandria around 300 BCE, reshaped by nineteenth-century comparative philology, and now extended by digital and machine-learning methods.
Philomé Obin
Philomé Obin (1892–1986) was a Haitian painter from Bas-Limbé who founded and led the Cap-Haïtien school, painting street scenes, history, and Carnival in a precise style known as "The Obin style".
Philomena
Saint Philomena (Filumena), a young martyr whose relics were found in Rome's Catacomb of Priscilla in 1802 and enshrined at Mugnano del Cardinale in 1805; a nineteenth-century wonderworker whose feast was removed from the Roman calendar in 1961 for lack of historical evidence.
Philomena (film)
Philomena (2013) is a British drama directed by Stephen Frears, starring Judi Dench and Steve Coogan, adapted from Martin Sixsmith's book The Lost Child of Philomena Lee; it earned four Oscar nominations and won the BAFTA for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Philomena Lee
Philomena Lee, Irish woman separated from her son Anthony at Sean Ross Abbey, Roscrea, in the 1950s; subject of Martin Sixsmith's 2009 book and the 2013 Oscar-nominated film Philomena; advocate for adoption-record access and Philomena's Law.
Philopappos Monument
Philopappos Monument (Μνημείο Φιλοπάππου), a two-storey marble mausoleum of 114–116 CE on the Hill of the Muses, Athens, tomb of the Commagenian prince and suffect consul Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos.
Philopotamidae
Philopotamidae, finger-net caddisflies (family Stephens 1829, Trichoptera, Annulipalpia, Philopotamoidea), a cosmopolitan caddisfly family of roughly 1168 to over 1500 species; larvae have a T-shaped membranous labrum and spin capture nets without cases.
Philopteridae
Philopteridae (feather lice), family of chewing lice in Ischnocera, Nitzsch 1818, type genus Philopterus; over 3,000 species in 212 genera, permanent ectoparasites of birds, diversifying about 49 million years ago.
Philosopher king
Philosopher king: Plato's Republic ideal (Book V, 473c-d) of a ruler uniting political power with knowledge of the Good; tested at Syracuse, echoed by Plutarch and later thought, and criticized as incompatible with democracy.
Philosopher's stone
Philosopher's stone: legendary alchemical agent said to transmute base metals into gold and produce the elixir of life; rooted in Alexandria and Islamic alchemy, never made, echoed today only in nuclear transmutation.
Philosophers' Imprint
Philosophers' Imprint is a refereed, open-access online journal of philosophy founded in 2001 by Stephen Darwall and J. David Velleman at the University of Michigan, which publishes it electronically.
Philosophers' Ship
The Philosophers' Ship (Философский пароход) was the forcible expulsion of philosophers and scholars from Soviet Russia in 1922 and 1923, on Lenin's initiative and organized by the GPU.
Philosophes
The philosophes were eighteenth-century French men of letters, including Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, and d'Alembert, who championed reason, reform, and the Encyclopédie, shaping the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, usually shortened to the Principia, is a three-book Latin treatise by Isaac Newton, first published in London in 1687, that sets out the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.
Philosophical dialogue
A philosophical dialogue is a work or practice in which philosophy is conducted through conversation, distinguished from poetic dialogue by its aim to develop or prove a truth.
Philosophical Dictionary
The Philosophical Dictionary, or Dictionnaire philosophique, is a collection of alphabetically arranged polemical articles by Voltaire, first published anonymously at Geneva in 1764 and attacking religious intolerance while defending tolerance and deism.
Philosophical Investigations
Philosophische Untersuchungen, Wittgenstein's posthumous 1953 masterpiece edited by Anscombe and Rhees: language-games, meaning as use, rule-following, and the private language argument of §§243-315.
Philosophical Letters
Philosophical Letters, also known as Letters on the English or Letters Concerning the English Nation, is Voltaire's 1734 work praising English religion, science, and politics.
Philosophical methodology
Philosophical methodology, also called metaphilosophy of method, is the study of how philosophy is and should be done. Distinguishing features: higher-order vs lower-order readings, methods from logic to phenomenology, empirical corpus studies of the analytic-continental divide, and current pluralist debates.
Philosophical novel
A philosophical novel is a work of fiction using plot, character, and dialogue to explore philosophical questions; early landmarks include Voltaire's Candide and Johnson's Rasselas, both from 1759.
Philosophical Psychology
Philosophical Psychology is a peer-reviewed journal published by Taylor & Francis since 1988, covering philosophical work relevant to the psychological sciences, a field investigating the conceptual foundations of mind, behavior, and experience.
Philosophical Radicals
Philosophical Radicals, or Philosophic Radicals: early nineteenth-century British utilitarian reformers around Jeremy Bentham and James and John Stuart Mill, advocating franchise extension, secret ballot, law reform, and dismantling aristocratic government; influential in the 1830s, defunct as a party by the 1840s.
Philosophical realism
Philosophical realism: family of views that objects, properties, or facts exist independently of beliefs, language, or conceptual schemes. Covers generic realism, scientific realism's three dimensions, NMA vs pessimistic induction, Dummett and Putnam challenges.
Philosophical skepticism
Philosophical skepticism: the epistemological thesis that we should suspend judgment on, and lack, knowledge of propositions common sense counts as knowledge. Also Pyrrhonian and Academic skepticism. Three forms (Humean, Cartesian, Pyrrhonian), the closure argument, ancient sources, and Moorean, Wittgensteinian, and contextualist responses.
Philosophical Society of England
The Philosophical Society of England is a British charity founded in December 1913 by the Rev. Elphinstone Rivers to bring philosophy to the layman, publishing the journal The Philosopher.
Philosophical tale
The philosophical tale (French: conte philosophique) is a short fiction using irony and satire to treat philosophical questions, reaching its classic form in 18th-century France with Voltaire.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is the world's first and longest-running scientific journal, founded by Henry Oldenburg in March 1665 and split into A and B series in 1887.
Philosophical zombie
A philosophical zombie, or P-zombie, is a thought experiment in philosophy of mind: a being physically identical to a human yet lacking conscious experience entirely.
Philosophy
Philosophy, from Greek 'love of wisdom', is the critical systematic study of fundamental questions by reasoned argument. Covers its branches (logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology), method, global origins, Western periodization, and the analytic-continental divide.