All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Philosophy for Children
Philosophy for Children (P4C) is a school pedagogy of structured philosophical dialogue in a community of inquiry, used in over 60 countries to develop reasoning, critical thinking, and communication skills.
Philosophy in the Bedroom
Philosophy in the Bedroom (La Philosophie dans le boudoir, 1795) is the Marquis de Sade's dialogue novel in which libertines instruct Eugénie, embedding an atheist-materialist political essay.
Philosophy Now
Philosophy Now is a British-founded, independently published bi-monthly magazine of popular philosophy, started by Rick Lewis in 1991 and written for general readers in a lively, nontechnical style.
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
The philosophy of artificial intelligence, also known as philosophy of AI, asks whether machines can genuinely understand or be conscious, or only simulate it, building on Alan Turing's 1950 work.
Philosophy of computer science
Philosophy of computer science is the branch of philosophy studying what computational systems are, how they can be known, and whether the field is mathematics, engineering, or science.
Philosophy of economics
Philosophy of economics, also called economic methodology, is the branch of philosophy studying rational choice, the appraisal of economic institutions, and how economics claims to know its subject.
Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): German philosopher's doctrines of will to power, eternal recurrence, and perspectivism, his genealogical critique of Judeo-Christian morality, the death of God, and contested existentialist classification.
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of history examines history itself and historical knowledge: speculative theories of history's meaning (Vico, Herder, Hegel, Marx) and critical, analytic study of narrative explanation, causation, and evidence about the past.
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language investigates meaning, reference, truth, and communication, centered in the analytic tradition from Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein to truth-conditional semantics, pragmatics, and current debates over large language models.
Philosophy of logic
Philosophy of logic: the philosophical study of logic itself, covering logical consequence, Tarski's model-theoretic account, formality, logical constants, and the monism, pluralism, and nihilism debate over whether one correct logic exists.
Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius (Μᾶρκος Αὐρήλιος)
Marcus Aurelius (Μᾶρκος Αὐρήλιος), Roman emperor 161–180 CE, developed Stoic philosophy in his private Greek notebook Meditations (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν), emphasizing virtue as sole good, justice, piety, and Epictetus' influence.
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of mathematics studies the nature of mathematical truth, proof, and objects. Covers logicism, formalism, intuitionism, Platonism, structuralism, foundations (set, category, type theory), and the practice turn.
Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of mind studies mental states and their relation to the physical; central positions include dualism, physicalism, identity theory, and functionalism, with consciousness and AI minds as current frontiers.
Philosophy of perception
The philosophy of perception is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of perceptual experience, and its central problem is reconciling obvious truths about experience with illusions and hallucinations.
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of physics is the philosophical and conceptual study of major physical theories, including quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and space-time, gravity, and cosmology, with its central problem the quantum measurement problem.
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of religion: the philosophical study of religious traditions, concepts of God, religious epistemology, and the problem of evil; a distinct field since the mid-twentieth century, now broadening beyond the Abrahamic faiths.
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science, also called theory of science, is the branch of philosophy concerned with how science works: what makes it science, how theories are tested, and what explanation is.
Philosophy of Science Association
The Philosophy of Science Association (PSA), founded in 1933, is an international organization promoting research in the philosophy of science and hosting the world's largest meeting of philosophers of science.
Philosophy of self
Philosophy of self, also called personal identity, asks what persons are and how they persist through time. Main accounts: psychological continuity (Locke, Parfit), animalism, Hume's bundle theory, Buddhist anatman, and narrative identity (Schechtman).
Philosophy of space and time
Philosophy of space and time (spacetime philosophy): the branch of metaphysics asking whether space and time are substances or relations, and whether only the present exists. Centers on Newton's absolutism versus Leibniz's relationism, Kant's forms of intuition, and presentism versus eternalism under relativity and quantum gravity.
Philosophy of suicide
Philosophy of suicide examines the definition, moral status, rationality, and meaning of self-killing, from ancient Greek, Roman, and Egyptian views through Christian prohibition, Kant, Hume, existentialism, and contemporary autonomy debates.
Philosophy of the Provincial Town
Philosophy of the Provincial Town (Filosofija palanke) is a 1969 philosophical treatise by Radomir Konstantinović that analyzes the provincial town as a state of mind, not a place.
Philosophy, politics and economics
Philosophy, politics and economics (PPE), also called Modern Greats at its founding, is an interdisciplinary undergraduate degree created at Oxford in 1920 and now taught at over a hundred universities worldwide.
Philostorgius
Philostorgius (Φιλοστόργιος) was a Cappadocian layman and physician who wrote a twelve-book Ecclesiastical History in the early fifth century. It is a surviving Eunomian defense of the Arian faction.
Philostratus
Philostratus (Lucius Flavius Philostratus, c. 170 – c. 247 CE) was an Athenian Greek sophist and writer, best known for the Lives of the Sophists and the Life of Apollonius of Tyana.
Philotera
Philotera was a princess of Ptolemaic Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Berenice I and full sister of Ptolemy II, deified after her death.
Philotheos Kokkinos
Philotheos Kokkinos (Φιλόθεος Κόκκινος, c. 1300–1377) was a Byzantine monk and theologian who served twice as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and canonized Gregory Palamas in 1368.
Philoxenus (Mercurian crater)
Philoxenus is an 87-km impact crater on Mercury at 8.68°S, 111.75°W, IAU-named in 1976 for the Greek lyric poet (436–380 B.C.); its plains site, Philoxenus/Machaut, has model ages of 3.7–3.8 Gyr.
PhilPapers
PhilPapers is an online index and bibliography of philosophy maintained by the nonprofit PhilPapers Foundation, hosting PhilArchive, the largest open access archive in philosophy, with over 3 million entries.
Philtrum
Philtrum: the vertical midline groove of the human upper lip between nose and vermilion, formed by fusion of the medial nasal processes; smooth philtrum signals fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.