All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Photothermal catalysis
Photothermal catalysis is a catalytic approach in which photocatalysis and thermal catalysis operate together, offering milder conditions and higher activity for CO2 reduction, ammonia synthesis, and hydrogen production.
Photothermal catalytic CO2 conversion
Photothermal catalytic CO2 conversion is the use of catalysts that absorb sunlight to drive carbon dioxide reduction, combining photon-to-heat conversion with photochemical processes in one system.
Photothermal chemotherapy
Photothermal chemotherapy is a combination cancer treatment in which near-infrared light heats a tumor while a chemotherapeutic drug acts on the same tissue, usually via one nanoparticle.
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy, also called the mirage effect, is a sensitive optical technique that measures a sample's absorption by detecting a probe laser beam's deflection.
Photothermal effect
The photothermal effect is the conversion of absorbed light into heat through nonradiative processes in the absorbing material, a universal effect behind photothermal spectroscopy, solar steam generation, and photothermal cancer therapy.
Photothermal membrane distillation
Photothermal membrane distillation, also called solar-driven membrane distillation, is a desalination method in which photothermal materials in the membrane convert light into heat, driving water vapor through while retaining salts.
Photothermal microscopy
Photothermal microscopy is a label-free optical imaging technique that detects light absorbed by a sample through the local heating it produces, visualizing non-fluorescent nanoscale absorbers in cells and materials.
Photothermal radiometry
Photothermal radiometry (PTR) is a contactless measurement technique in which a modulated or pulsed light beam heats a sample and an infrared detector records the resulting thermal emission.
Photothermal spectroscopy
Photothermal spectroscopy is a family of techniques that measures the heat a sample releases after absorbing light, recovering absorption spectra and thermal properties of opaque solids, liquids, and gases.
Photothermal therapy
Photothermal therapy, also called cancer photothermal therapy, is a cancer treatment in which light-absorbing agents convert near-infrared laser light into heat that kills tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue.
Photothermoelectric effect
The photo-thermoelectric effect (PTE) generates a voltage when light heats charge carriers at a boundary between regions with different Seebeck coefficients, a key photocurrent mechanism in graphene photodetectors.
Phototransistor
A phototransistor is a semiconductor photodetector that combines light detection with internal current amplification, invented by John N. Shive at Bell Labs in 1950 and widely used in optocouplers.
Phototrophic energy metabolism in haloarchaea
Phototrophic energy metabolism in haloarchaea is a non-chlorophyll photosynthesis in which retinal-based pumps like bacteriorhodopsin generate a proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis in salt-loving archaea.
Phototropism
Phototropism: directional plant growth toward (shoots) or away (roots) from unilateral light, driven by auxin redistribution per the Cholodny-Went theory, sensed by phototropin blue-light receptors phot1 and phot2.
Phototypesetting
Phototypesetting, or cold type, is a method of setting type photographically, exposing letter shapes onto film or paper; it replaced hot metal typesetting from the 1960s.
Photovoice
Photovoice is a participatory action research method in which community members photograph their own lives and use the images to spark group discussion and advocate for change.
Photovoltage spectroscopy
Photovoltage spectroscopy is an optoelectronic characterization technique that measures surface photovoltage as a function of illumination wavelength, probing charge separation and band structure in semiconductors and solar-cell materials.
Photovoltaic backsheet
A photovoltaic backsheet is the polymer layer laminated to the rear of a solar module, providing electrical insulation and a weather barrier for the module's 25 to 30 year service life.
Photovoltaic effect
The photovoltaic effect, also called the Becquerel effect, is the generation of voltage or current in a material exposed to light, first observed in 1839.
Photovoltaic encapsulant
A photovoltaic encapsulant is the polymer sheet, typically EVA, that embeds solar cells between glass and backsheet, transmitting light, cushioning cells, and insulating the circuit.
Photovoltaic glazing
Photovoltaic glazing is building glazing with integrated solar cells or films that generates electricity while serving as a window or facade element, a form of building-integrated photovoltaics used in near-zero-energy building design.
Photovoltaic module electroluminescence inspection
Photovoltaic module electroluminescence inspection is a non-destructive diagnostic method in which biased solar cells emit near-infrared light, recorded by a camera so defects appear dark.
Photovoltaic module flash test
A photovoltaic module flash test is an indoor measurement using a solar simulator's short light pulse to record a module's I-V curve under standard test conditions, giving maximum power, voltage, current, and fill factor.
Photovoltaic module recycling
Photovoltaic module recycling is the collection and processing of end-of-life solar panels to recover glass, aluminum, copper, silicon, and silver, and to manage toxic lead and cadmium.
Photovoltaic power station
A photovoltaic power station, also called a solar farm or solar power plant, is a large array of solar panels feeding electricity directly into the grid.
Photovoltaic system
A photovoltaic (PV) system is an assembly of solar cells, modules, inverters, and wiring that converts sunlight directly into electricity, with arrays sized for any electrical demand.
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of sunlight into electricity using semiconductor solar cells wired into panels; solar PV is now among the cheapest sources of new power.
Photowatt
Photowatt was a French photovoltaic manufacturer founded in 1979 in Bourgoin-Jallieu, among the world's leading panel makers in the early 2000s, and France's last cell producer before closing in 2025.
Photron
Photron (株式会社フォトロン, PHOTRON LIMITED) is a Japanese manufacturer of high-speed video cameras, best known for its FASTCAM line used in automotive crash testing and research.
Photronics
Photronics, Inc., founded in 1969 in Danbury, Connecticut, is an American manufacturer of photomasks used to make semiconductors and flat panel displays, headquartered in Brookfield.