All articles starting with P

Physics sections in national academies of sciences

Physics sections in national academies of sciences are internal classes or committees that organize physicist members and assess election candidates, dating back to the US NAS's 1864 constitution.

Physics teacher and student associations in Europe

Physics teacher and student associations in Europe span national teacher networks and pan-European bodies, including GIREP, founded in 1966, and the EPS Physics Education Division, created in 2000.

Physics Teacher Education Coalition

The Physics Teacher Education Coalition (PhysTEC) is an American Physical Society and AAPT project that helps physics departments produce more qualified high school physics teachers.

Physics Today

Physics Today is a monthly magazine for the physical sciences community, published since 1948 by the American Institute of Physics and sent to more than 100,000 members of its member societies.

Physics Wallah

Physics Wallah (Physics Wallah Private Limited) is an Indian educational technology company based in Noida, founded by teacher Alakh Pandey, that prepares students for JEE, NEET, and UPSC exams.

Physics World

Physics World is the monthly membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, published by IOP Publishing since October 1988 as the successor to Physics Bulletin.

Physics-guided deep learning

Physics-guided deep learning trains neural networks to respect physical laws, typically partial differential equations or conservation laws, by adding physics-based terms to the training objective.

Physics-guided machine learning

Physics-guided machine learning is a family of methods that train models under physical laws or simulation data, keeping predictions consistent with governing equations while fitting noisy, sparse observations.

Physics-guided neural network

A physics-guided neural network (PGNN) is a neural network trained partly with physical laws, introduced in 2017 by Arka Daw and colleagues for lake temperature prediction.

Physics-informed deep learning

Physics-informed deep learning trains neural networks to fit data while satisfying physical laws, usually partial differential equations, so models match observations and obey governing equations.

Physics-informed machine learning

Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) embeds physical laws such as partial differential equations into machine learning training, so predictions respect known physics while fitting sparse or noisy data.

Physics-informed neural networks

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are neural networks that solve supervised learning tasks while respecting physics laws described by partial differential equations, introduced by Raissi, Perdikaris, and Karniadakis in 2017.

Physics-IQ

Physics-IQ is a Google DeepMind benchmark, released in January 2025, that tests whether generative video models understand intuitive physics by predicting how real filmed scenarios continue.

Physics-Uspekhi

Physics-Uspekhi is the English translation of Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (UFN), a Russian monthly review journal in physics founded in 1918, published since 1958 and titled Physics-Uspekhi from 1993.

PhysicsX

PhysicsX is a London-based industrial AI startup founded in 2019 by former Formula 1 engineers, selling an AI platform that replaces hours-long engineering simulations with predictions in seconds.

Physidae

Physidae, the bladder or physid snails, is a family of sinistral, air-breathing freshwater pulmonate snails worldwide in distribution, best known for Physella acuta, an aquarium hitchhiker and invasive species; identified by left-coiled shells and no operculum.

Physik Instrumente

Physik Instrumente (PI) is a German manufacturer of precision positioning and motion-control technology, headquartered in Karlsruhe, founded in 1970 and known especially for piezoelectric nanopositioning systems and hexapods.

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is Germany's national metrology institute, a federal authority seated in Braunschweig and Berlin that realizes the SI units, runs Germany's atomic clocks, and employs about 2100 staff.

Physiocracy

Physiocracy, the Physiocratic School, was a mid-18th-century French school of economic thought led by François Quesnay, the first organized school of economists, advocating a single tax on land rents and free trade.

Physiognomy

Physiognomy is the pseudoscientific practice of judging character or personality from facial and bodily appearance; practiced since ancient Mesopotamia, revived by Lavater in 1775, distinct from phrenology, and revived again in AI facial analysis.

Physiologic and autonomic bradycardia

Physiologic and autonomic bradycardia is a slow heart rate arising from normal autonomic regulation, chiefly increased parasympathetic (vagal) tone, seen during sleep, rest, and reflex states like vasovagal reactions.

Physiologic anisocoria

Physiologic anisocoria, also called simple or essential anisocoria, is benign unequal pupil size of 1 mm or less, equal in light and dark, affecting up to 20% of people and requiring no treatment.

Physiologic Monitoring

Physiologic monitoring, also called patient monitoring, is continuous measurement of physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration, spanning bedside monitors, pulse oximetry, ambulatory and wearable devices, telemetry, and alarm management.

Physiological Adaptation

Physiological adaptation (MeSH D000222) is the non-genetic biological change of an organism to environmental challenges, within one lifetime; includes acclimatization, allostasis, thermotolerance, and phenotypic plasticity, distinct from genetic adaptation.

Physiological factors

Physiological factors (R-HSA-5578768) is a Reactome human pathway on natriuretic peptide regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis, within Cardiac conduction; it covers NPPA expression, corin processing, NPR1/NPR2 binding, and sacubitril metabolism.

Physiological Phenomena

Physiological phenomena are the functions and properties of living organisms supporting life; also MeSH descriptor D010829 (tree G07), covering homeostasis, body temperature, growth, adaptation, and related processes.

Physiological roles of aminopeptidases

Aminopeptidases, also called aminoacylpeptidases (EC 3.4.11), are largely zinc-dependent exopeptidases that cleave N-terminal residues from peptides, driving protein maturation, digestion, MHC I antigen trimming by ERAP1/2, peptide hormone and blood pressure regulation, and moonlighting roles of APN/CD13.