All articles starting with P
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Prothom Alo (প্রথম আলো)
Prothom Alo (প্রথম আলো, First Light) is Bangladesh's largest Bengali-language daily, founded 4 November 1998 by editor Matiur Rahman and publisher Latifur Rahman's Media Star; 6.6 million daily print readers, 57% reader share, offices burned in December 2025.
Prothrombin G20210A
Prothrombin G20210A (20210G>A, c.97G>A, factor II mutation) is a common F2 gene variant raising prothrombin levels and venous clot risk; second most common inherited thrombophilia after factor V Leiden, autosomal dominant, mostly in European-descent populations.
Prothrombin time
Prothrombin time (PT/INR) is a blood clotting test measuring seconds for plasma to clot; normal 11-13.5 s, INR 0.8-1.1; used mainly to monitor warfarin at INR 2.0-3.0.
Prothymosin/parathymosin
Prothymosin/parathymosin: two related highly acidic thymic polypeptides (proTα, 111 aa; parathymosin, 101 aa) isolated from rat thymus in 1984–1985; intracellularly a linker histone H1 chaperone, extracellularly an alarmin; not thymic hormones.
Protima Bedi (प्रोतिमा गौरी बेदी)
Protima Bedi (प्रोतिमा गौरी बेदी, born Protima Gupta, 1948-1998), Indian model turned Odissi dancer and disciple of Kelucharan Mohapatra; founder of Nrityagram, the dance village near Hesaraghatta, Bangalore, inaugurated in 1990; died in a Himalayan landslide in 1998.
Protionamide
Protionamide (prothionamide, Pto), a thionamide prodrug and therapeutic alternative to ethionamide for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; activated by EthA, inhibits InhA and mycolic acid synthesis; WHO EML-listed, 15-20 mg/kg/day.
Protist
Protist: informal term for any eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus, from Haeckel's 1866 kingdom Protista; hugely diverse, key in carbon fixation, soil microbiomes, and diseases like malaria.
Protist shell and test biology
Protist tests are rigid shells around single-celled eukaryotes such as testate amoebae and foraminifera, built from protein, silica, calcium carbonate, or agglutinated particles, with independent evolutionary origins and major paleoecological uses.
Proto (tools)
Proto is an American brand of industrial hand tools, torque instruments, and tool storage, owned by Stanley Black & Decker and sold through industrial distributors for maintenance work.
Proto-Aeolic capitals
Proto-Aeolic capitals, also called Proto-Ionic or volute capitals, are Iron Age stone capitals carved with two volutes, used in the gates and palaces of Israel, Judah, Moab, and Ammon.
Proto-Afroasiatic language
Proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic family with six branches: Semitic, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Omotic; dated to at least 9500 years before present, with contested homeland and reconstruction.
Proto-Algonquian language
Proto-Algonquian is the unattested reconstructed parent of the Algonquian languages (Ojibwe, Cree, Blackfoot, Mi'kmaq) and a daughter of Proto-Algic. Reconstructed chiefly by Bloomfield from Fox, Cree, Menominee, and Ojibwa; distinct from Proto-Eastern-Algonquian and Proto-Algic.
Proto-Arabic language
Proto-Arabic is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Arabic varieties, dialects and classical alike. Key issues: its case system, Old Arabic epigraphic evidence, and the Owens versus Al-Jallad methodological debate.
Proto-Austronesian language
Proto-Austronesian (PAN) is the reconstructed ancestor of all Austronesian languages, roughly 1,200 tongues with 270 million speakers. Its speakers, located in Taiwan in Blust's reconstruction, cultivated rice and kept pigs and dogs.
Proto-Bantu language
Proto-Bantu is the reconstructed common ancestor of the 400-plus Bantu languages, spoken around 5,000 years ago in the Cameroon Grassfields between Nigeria and Cameroon, reconstructed via the comparative method from Meinhof, Guthrie, and Meeussen to BLR3.
Proto-Celtic language
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor of all Celtic languages, descended from Proto-Indo-European and dated around 1000 BCE in Central Europe; reconstructed mainly from Insular Celtic evidence, with phonology best attested and syntax barely recoverable.
Proto-cuneiform
Proto-cuneiform, also called archaic cuneiform, is the earliest attested stage of cuneiform writing, found on clay tablets from Uruk, southern Iraq, dated c. 3350–3000 BC.
Proto-Dravidian language
Proto-Dravidian is the reconstructed, unattested ancestor of the Dravidian family of about 80 languages, including Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam; dated to roughly 4500 years ago and reconstructed via the comparative method.
Proto-Elamite period
The Proto-Elamite period is the earliest phase of writing on the Iranian plateau, centered on Susa and Anshan, with about 1,700 undeciphered administrative clay tablets from around 3050 to 2900 BC.
Proto-Elamite script
Proto-Elamite is one of the world's earliest writing systems, used in Iran around 3100–2900 BC. Its roughly 1,600 clay tablets are administrative records, and the script remains only partly deciphered.
Proto-Elamite tablets (Tepe Yahya)
The Proto-Elamite tablets of Tepe Yahya are a small archive of 26 administrative clay tablets, written in the undeciphered Proto-Elamite script and excavated at Tepe Yahya in Kerman province, southeastern Iran.
Proto-Esperanto
Proto-Esperanto refers to L. L. Zamenhof's early versions of Esperanto, chiefly the Lingwe Uniwersala of 1878 and the Lingvo universala of 1881-1882, before publication as Lingvo Internacia in 1887.
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic, also known as Common Germanic, is the reconstructed, unattested ancestor of the Germanic languages, marked by innovations such as Grimm's Law and the dental preterite.
Proto-Hmong–Mien language
Proto-Hmong–Mien, also called Proto-Miao–Yao, is the reconstructed, unattested common ancestor of the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) language family, spoken by about 14 million people in China and Southeast Asia.
Proto-Human language
Proto-Human language, also called Proto-World or Proto-Sapiens, is the hypothetical single ancestor of all human languages under the monogenetic hypothesis; mainstream historical linguistics regards reconstruction of it as beyond the comparative method's reach.
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the unattested, reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European family, about 450 languages in 12 main branches spoken by over three billion people, reconstructed by the comparative method, with debated steppe or Anatolian homeland and a three-laryngeal phonology.
Proto-Indo-European mythology
Proto-Indo-European mythology: the comparative reconstruction of the myths, deities, and sacred vocabulary of the Indo-European proto-language, from h₁eḱwos to Dumézil's trifunctional ideology; unattested directly and reconstructed from Vedic, Iranian, Greek, Roman, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic traditions.
Proto-Indo-European society
Proto-Indo-European society, the reconstructed pastoralist society of PIE speakers of the Pontic-Caspian steppe; patrilocal, exogamous kinship; CLV genetic origins 4400-4000 BCE; Yamnaya dispersal 3300-1500 BCE.
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Proto-Indo-Europeans: prehistoric speakers of the reconstructed Indo-European ancestor language, identified with steppe populations including the Yamnaya culture (ca. 4000 BCE) and the earlier CLV cline, whose migrations spread Indo-European languages across Eurasia.
Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
Proto-Indo-Iranian religion, also called Proto-Indo-Iranian mythology, is the reconstructed common religion of the Indo-Iranian peoples before their split, dated to roughly 2100–1500 BCE and known from shared Vedic and Avestan elements.