All articles starting with P
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Protoculture
Protoculture is the alias of Nate Raubenheimer, a psytrance, trance, and progressive house DJ and producer from Cape Town, South Africa, active since the early 2000s.
Protodeboronation
Protodeboronation is a chemical reaction in which an organoboron compound's carbon–boron bond is replaced with carbon–hydrogen, and it is the major side reaction in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling.
Protodiptera
Protodiptera (Paratrichoptera) is an extinct Upper Permian insect group once proposed as the stem group of true flies (Diptera). Its type species Permotipula patricia from New South Wales was later excluded from Diptera because of hind wings, leaving its placement controversial.
ProtoDUNE
ProtoDUNE is the collective name for two large-scale liquid-argon time projection chamber prototypes at CERN, each holding about 750 tons of liquid argon, built to validate technologies for the DUNE far detectors.
Protoglobin
Protoglobin (Pgb), e.g. MaPgb from Methanosarcina acetivorans, is the first globin found in Archaea: a ~195-aa dimeric heme protein with a buried heme, two ligand tunnels, O2/CO/NO binding, and engineered catalytic variants.
Protogrammoceras
Protogrammoceras: extinct Pliensbachian (Jurassic) ammonite genus of Hildoceratidae, Harpoceratinae, named by Spath 1913, type species Grammoceras bassanii; falciradiate ribbing, Mediterranean province, morphologically distinct from Fuciniceras but not phylogenetically separate.
Protokylol
Protokylol (Caytine, Ventaire) is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist and isoproterenol derivative used as a bronchodilator in Europe and the US; its 2 mg oral tablet product was approved in 1982 and is discontinued.
Protolabs
Protolabs is an American digital manufacturing service, founded in Minnesota in 1999 by Larry Lukis, that makes custom prototypes and low-volume parts from uploaded 3D CAD models.
Protolith
A protolith, also known as the parent rock or precursor, is the original unmetamorphosed rock that a metamorphic rock formed from; it may be igneous, sedimentary, or previously metamorphosed.
Protomartyr (band)
Protomartyr: Detroit post-punk band formed 2010, led by Joe Casey with Greg Ahee, Alex Leonard, and Scott Davidson; seven albums from No Passion All Technique (2012) to Hotel Usona (2026) on Hardly Art and Domino.
Proton
The proton is a stable subatomic particle with charge +1, made of two up quarks and one down quark, and forms the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen.
Proton (software)
Proton, also known as Valve Proton or Steam Proton, is Valve's open-source compatibility tool, released in 2018, that runs Windows games unmodified on Linux through Steam, including the Steam Deck.
Proton affinity
Proton affinity (PA) is the negative of the enthalpy change when a molecule binds a proton in the gas phase; larger values mean stronger intrinsic bases, and values matter in mass spectrometry and interstellar chemistry.
Proton aurora
A proton aurora is an auroral emission from energetic protons striking a planetary atmosphere, first observed beyond Earth when MAVEN detected one at Mars in 2018.
Proton computed tomography
Proton computed tomography (pCT) is an imaging technique in which protons passing through an object at many angles reconstruct its relative stopping power, aimed at proton therapy treatment planning.
Proton conduction in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks
Proton conduction in hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is proton transport through the hydrogen-bond networks of crystalline porous organic materials, studied for fuel-cell membranes since 2016.
Proton conduction in metal–organic frameworks
Proton conduction in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is proton transport through the pores of these crystalline porous solids, studied for solid-state fuel-cell membranes, mostly via water-mediated Grotthuss hopping.
Proton decay
Proton decay is a hypothetical process, forbidden by the Standard Model, in which a proton decays into lighter particles such as a positron and a neutral pion.
Proton emission
Proton emission, also called proton radioactivity, is a radioactive decay mode in which a proton-rich atomic nucleus ejects one proton, or two protons simultaneously. First observed in 1963, it occurs beyond the proton drip line.
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEM electrolysis) is an electrochemical method of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with a solid polymer membrane as the electrolyte, operating at about 70–90 °C.
Proton Holdings
Proton Holdings Berhad, incorporated in 1983 as Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional, is Malaysia's national automotive manufacturer, known for the Proton Saga and majority-owned by DRB-HICOM and Geely.
Proton Improvement Plan II
Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) is a Fermilab project building an 800 MeV superconducting linear accelerator that will provide the world's most intense high-energy neutrino beam for DUNE.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an MRI technique measuring hydrogen signals from metabolites in tissue instead of water, used to diagnose brain and prostate tumors through characteristic metabolite changes.
Proton NMR
Proton NMR (¹H NMR) spectroscopy detects hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field, reading chemical shifts, integrals, and multiplicities to identify and quantify compounds in solution.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or ¹H NMR, measures the radiofrequency resonance of hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field to identify molecular structures and compositions.
Proton Pass
Proton Pass is an end-to-end encrypted password and identity manager developed by Proton AG, the Swiss company behind Proton Mail, which launched in 2023 and also generates hide-my-email aliases.
Proton pump
Proton pump: membrane protein using ATP to move H+ across membranes. Covers the rotary V-ATPase (V1/V0 domains, organelle acidification) and the gastric H+/K+-ATPase targeted by PPIs and vonoprazan.
Proton radiography
Proton radiography is an imaging method that passes short pulses of high-energy protons through an object or plasma, recording them to map areal density, electric fields, and magnetic fields.
Proton radius puzzle
The proton radius puzzle, also called the proton radius discrepancy, began in 2010 when muonic hydrogen measurements gave a proton charge radius about 4 percent smaller than accepted values.
Proton Saga
The Proton Saga is a compact sedan produced by Malaysian carmaker PROTON since 1985, when it launched as Malaysia's first national car, based on the Mitsubishi Lancer Fiore.