All articles starting with S

Solid nitrogen

Solid nitrogen, also called nitrogen ice, is frozen molecular nitrogen that forms below 63 K at atmospheric pressure and is the dominant surface ice of Pluto and Triton.

Solid oxide electrolysis cell

A solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is an electrochemical device that splits steam, and optionally carbon dioxide, into hydrogen at high temperature, reaching efficiencies up to 84%.

Solid oxide fuel cell

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device that converts fuels like hydrogen or natural gas directly into electricity using a hot ceramic electrolyte.

Solid particle thermal storage

Solid particle thermal storage heats sand-like ceramic or silica particles above 1000 °C and holds them until the heat drives a power cycle or supplies industrial heat.

A solid partition is a three-dimensional array of non-negative integers that never increases along any coordinate direction, visualized as unit cubes stacked in a corner of a room; counting them is unsolved.

Solid phase crystallization

Solid phase crystallization (SPC) is a simple, low-cost thin-fabrication method that anneals amorphous semiconductor films into polycrystalline silicon for thin-film transistors, though furnace processing takes hours.

Solid polymer electrolyte battery

A solid polymer electrolyte battery is a rechargeable battery in which a solid polymer-salt complex, typically PEO with a lithium salt, replaces the liquid electrolyte as ion conductor and separator.

Solid Power

Solid Power Inc. is a Colorado-based battery developer, founded in 2011 as a University of Colorado Boulder spinout, that makes sulfide-based all-solid-state cells and electrolytes for electric vehicles.

Solid Snake

Solid Snake is the fictional stealth soldier protagonist of Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear series, debuting in Metal Gear (1987), starring in Metal Gear Solid (1998), voiced by David Hayter, and concluding his saga in Metal Gear Solid 4 (2008).

Solid solution

A solid solution is a single solid phase containing more than one chemical species in one crystal structure, such as brass, steel, and plagioclase feldspar.

Solid solution strengthening

Solid solution strengthening, also called solid solution hardening, is a metallurgical method that strengthens metals when dissolved solute atoms impede dislocation glide in the crystal lattice.

Solid South

The Solid South: near-total Democratic Party domination of the eleven former Confederate states from Reconstruction's end in 1877 through the mid-20th century, built on disfranchisement and one-party rule, ended by civil rights-era realignment toward the Republicans.

Solid State Logic

Solid State Logic (SSL) is a British audio mixing console manufacturer founded in 1969, based in Begbroke, Oxfordshire, best known for the SL 4000 series.

Solid State Phased Array Radar System

A solid state phased array radar system (SSPARS) is a radar with a fixed antenna whose beam is steered electronically by solid state transmit/receive modules.

Sep 19, 2026

Solid State Records

Solid State Records is an American record label in Seattle specializing in Christian metal, metalcore, and hardcore, founded by Brandon Ebel as a Tooth & Nail imprint.

Solid torus

A solid torus is the three-dimensional shape of a doughnut, the product of a circle with a disk, and a basic building block of three-manifold topology.

Solid-electrolyte CO2 electrolysis

Solid-electrolyte CO2 electrolysis covers two approaches using a solid ion conductor: high-temperature solid oxide cells making CO or syngas, and low-temperature reactors making pure formic acid.

Solid-phase epitaxy

Solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) is a low-thermal-budget thin-film growth method in which an amorphous layer on a crystalline substrate regrows as a single crystal during annealing.

Solid-phase extraction

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation technique that selectively adsorbs an analyte onto a solid adsorbent, washes away interferences, and elutes it for analysis.

Solid-phase microextraction

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique that extracts and concentrates volatile and semivolatile analytes onto a short coated fiber for direct analysis by gas or liquid chromatography.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis

Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) assembles peptide chains on an insoluble resin bead, invented by R. B. Merrifield in 1963 and honored with the 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Solid-phase synthesis

Solid-phase synthesis is a chemical method in which the growing molecule is attached to an insoluble solid support, introduced by Bruce Merrifield in 1963 and now used to make peptides, oligonucleotides, and drug-discovery libraries.

Solid-propellant rocket

A solid-propellant rocket, also called a solid rocket motor, is a rocket with fuel and oxidizer cast together as a solid grain that burns from exposed surfaces.

Solid-state battery

A solid-state battery, also called a solid battery, is a rechargeable battery in which a solid electrolyte replaces the flammable liquid of lithium-ion cells, enabling lithium-metal anodes.

Solid-state circuit breaker

A solid-state circuit breaker is an electrical protection device that interrupts fault current with power semiconductor switches in microseconds, aimed mainly at fast-rising DC fault currents.

Solid-state composite cathode

A solid-state composite cathode is the positive electrode of an all-solid-state battery, a solid mix of active material, solid electrolyte, carbon, and binder that must conduct ions and electrons.

Solid-state drive

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses non-volatile NAND flash memory instead of spinning platters, making it faster and more shock-resistant than a hard disk drive.

Solid-state electronics

Solid-state electronics is the branch of electronics in which current flows through solid semiconductors, chiefly silicon, rather than vacuum tubes; born with the 1947 Bell Labs transistor, it underlies virtually every modern electronic product.

Solid-state fermentation

Solid-state fermentation (SSF): microbial cultivation on moist solid substrates with little or no free water, used for koji, daqu, enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels; distinguished from submerged fermentation by low moisture, fungal growth, and heat-transfer scale-up limits.