All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Solid-State Lasers
Solid-state lasers use a solid crystal or glass host doped with ions such as Nd3+, Cr3+, or Er3+ as the gain medium. First shown with ruby by Maiman in 1960; Nd:YAG at 1064 nm is the workhorse; used in industry, medicine, lidar, and research.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy applies nuclear magnetic resonance to solid samples, determining chemical structure, three-dimensional structure, and dynamics at the atomic level, reporting on local atomic environments.
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (solid-state NMR, ssNMR) is an atomic-level spectroscopic method that determines the structure and dynamics of solids such as catalysts, polymers, and battery materials.
Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics, also called crystallophysics, is the branch of physics that studies rigid matter, or solids, relating atomic structure to electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties.
Solid-state polymerization
Solid-state polymerization (SSP) raises the molecular weight of step-growth polymers such as PET by heating solid pellets below their melting point under vacuum or inert gas.
Solid-state power amplifier
A solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) is a high-power radio-frequency amplifier built from GaN or GaAs semiconductor transistors rather than vacuum tubes, widely used in satellite uplinks.
Solid-state reaction
A solid-state reaction is a solvent-free synthesis method in which powdered solid reactants are heated, typically at 500–2000 °C, so atoms diffuse and form a solid product.
Solid-state relay
A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that uses semiconductors such as triacs, thyristors, or MOSFETs to switch a load with no moving parts.
Solid-state sintering
Solid-state sintering is a powder-metallurgy process in which compacted powder particles bond and densify into a solid by heating below the melting point, driven by atomic diffusion.
Solid-state sodium battery
A solid-state sodium battery is a rechargeable battery in which a solid electrolyte replaces the flammable liquid between electrodes, offering sodium's low cost, improved safety, and higher energy density.
Solid-state synthesis
Solid-state synthesis, also called ceramic or high-temperature synthesis, prepares inorganic materials by heating solid precursors near 900 to 1000 °C, forming oxides, ceramics, and battery compounds.
Solid-state transformer
A solid-state transformer (SST) is a power electronics-based device that converts voltage with semiconductor converters and a compact medium-frequency transformer, adding functions like fault current limiting and bidirectional power flow control.
Solid-state transmitter
A solid-state transmitter is a radio or television broadcast transmitter that amplifies with transistors instead of vacuum tubes, combining hundreds of parallel modules into one output and failing softly.
Solid-state Z-scheme
The solid-state Z-scheme is a photocatalysis design joining two semiconductors through a solid electron mediator, first reported in 2006 for water splitting and CO2 conversion.
Solid–liquid extraction
Solid–liquid extraction, also called leaching or diffusion extraction, is a sample-preparation method that transfers soluble analytes from a solid into a liquid solvent before chromatographic or spectroscopic analysis.
Solidago
Solidago (goldenrod), Asteraceae genus of about 140 species mostly native to North America; S. canadensis, S. gigantea, S. altissima are invasive in Europe and Asia; S. virgaurea is a medicinal herb.
Solidago virgaurea
Solidago virgaurea L., European goldenrod, is a perennial Asteraceae herb native from western Europe to Central Siberia and Luzon, type species of Solidago, used as Solidaginis virgaureae herba for urinary tract conditions.
Solidarity
Solidarity, as coined by Émile Durkheim in The Division of Labor in Society (1893), means social cohesion, mechanical solidarity from shared likeness and repressive law, organic solidarity from specialized interdependence and restitutive law.
Solidarity (Ireland)
Solidarity (Dlúthpháirtíocht – na sóisialaigh) is a revolutionary socialist organisation across Ireland, founded 2014 as the Anti-Austerity Alliance, renamed 2017, and allied with People Before Profit in the PBP-S Dáil electoral grouping.
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Solidarity (Solidarność) is Poland's largest trade union, founded in Gdańsk in 1980 as the first independent union in the Soviet bloc, reaching about 10 million members.
Solidarity Electoral Action
Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność, AWS), Polish center-right coalition founded 1996 by the Solidarity union; won 33.83% and 201 Sejm seats in 1997, governed with Freedom Union under Buzek, collapsed by 2001.
Solidarity Forever
"Solidarity Forever" is a 1915 American labor anthem written by IWW poet Ralph Chaplin in Chicago to the tune of "John Brown's Body." Its defiant chorus made it the unofficial anthem of the US labor movement, spread worldwide by unions and recorded from the Manhattan Chorus to Pete Seeger.
Solidatus
Solidatus (Threadneedle Software Holdings) is a London data lineage and metadata management platform launched in 2017, known for bi-temporal version control, column-level lineage, and the AI Lineage Assistant, serving banks such as HSBC, BNY, and LSEG for BCBS 239, DORA, and EU AI Act compliance.
Solidays
Solidays is an annual charity music festival held at the Hippodrome de Longchamp in Paris since 1999, raising funds for the fight against AIDS and drawing over 250,000 festival-goers.
Solidcore
Solidcore is an American boutique fitness company founded by Anne Mahlum in Washington, D.C. in 2013, offering 50-minute strength-training classes on a Pilates-inspired reformer machine.
Solidere
Solidere, formally the Lebanese Company for the Development and Reconstruction of Beirut Central District, is a real estate company created in 1994 to rebuild downtown Beirut after the civil war.
Solidia CO2-curing cement technology
Solidia CO2-curing cement technology is a process in which low-lime calcium silicate cement hardens by reacting with carbon dioxide instead of water, developed by Solidia Technologies.
Solidia low-lime cement cured with CO2
Solidia Cement is a low-lime calcium silicate cement developed by Solidia Technologies that hardens by reacting with CO2 instead of water, cutting concrete's carbon footprint by up to 70%.
Solidification
Solidification is the phase transformation in which a liquid becomes a solid when cooled below its freezing temperature, proceeding by nucleation and growth of dendrites and grains.
Solidity
Solidity is a statically typed, object-oriented, curly-bracket programming language influenced by C++ for writing smart contracts, principally on Ethereum and other EVM-compatible blockchains, with support for inheritance and libraries.