All articles starting with S
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Specialty channel
Specialty channel (also specialized channel, thematic network, narrowcast): a TV channel devoted to one genre or audience segment instead of mixed generalist programming. Key facts: FCC specialty-station royalty rules, Canadian national launch February 1983, CNN 1980 and MTV as landmark services.
Specialty coffee
Specialty coffee, also called specialty-grade or third-wave coffee, is coffee recognized for distinctive attributes with significant extra market value; historically scored 80+ on the SCA 100-point cupping scale, now defined by attributes and assessed via the SCA Coffee Value Assessment, distinct from commodity C-market coffee.
Speciation
Speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation splitting one lineage into new species. Modes include allopatric, parapatric, sympatric, and polyploid speciation; genomic data show divergence with gene flow.
Species
Species (species concepts, biological species concept, phylogenetic species concept) are basic units of biological classification. Defined variously by reproductive isolation, diagnosability, or lineage separation; no single definition covers all life.
Species – The Awakening
Species – The Awakening (Species: The Awakening, 2007) is the fourth and final Species franchise film, a Sci-Fi Channel TV movie directed by Nick Lyon, starring Helena Mattsson as human-alien clone Miranda Hollander, with Ben Cross and Dominic Keating.
Species (film)
Species is a 1995 American science fiction horror film directed by Roger Donaldson. It stars Natasha Henstridge as Sil, a hybrid creature that grossed over $113 million worldwide.
Species 8472
Species 8472, later named the Undine, is a fictional telepathic Star Trek species from fluidic space, immune to Borg assimilation, nearly destroying the Collective before Voyager's nanoprobe warheads forced their retreat.
Species delimitation
Species delimitation is the inference of species boundaries from genetic data, mainly through the multispecies coalescent, which detects lineages but can mistake structured populations for species.
Species distribution
Species distribution: the geographic area where a species occurs, mapped from occurrence records (GBIF, IUCN Red List) and predicted with species distribution models (SDMs) such as GLMs, Maxent, and machine learning; 59% of documented climate-driven range shifts match expectations.
Species distribution model
A species distribution model (SDM), also called an ecological niche model, is a statistical or machine-learning method that predicts where a species can live across space and time.
Species distribution modeling
Species distribution modeling (SDM), also called ecological niche or habitat modeling, relates species occurrence records to environmental conditions to predict where species occur, supporting conservation and climate-change studies.
Species II
Species II, also known as Species 2, is a 1998 American science fiction horror film and the sequel to Species, about an astronaut infected by alien DNA on Mars.
Species III
Species III is a 2004 American sci-fi horror TV film, third in the Species series, directed by Brad Turner, written by Ben Ripley, starring Sunny Mabrey as Sara, Robert Knepper, and Robin Dunne; it premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel November 27, 2004.
Species-focused veterinary journals
Species-focused veterinary journals are scholarly periodicals covering one animal species or production sector, including titles such as the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science and the Journal of Camel Practice and Research.
Speciesism
Speciesism, coined by Richard Ryder in 1970 and popularized by Peter Singer's Animal Liberation, is discrimination based on species membership, analogous to racism and sexism; the term is debated philosophically, studied in psychology, and documented as bias in AI systems.
Specific absorption rate
Specific absorption rate (SAR), also called specific energy absorption rate, is the rate at which radiofrequency energy is absorbed per unit mass of biological tissue, in watts per kilogram.
Specific activity
Specific activity is the radioactivity of a radionuclide per unit mass of material, expressed in becquerels per gram; the shorter the half-life, the higher the value.
Specific capacity
Specific capacity is a measure of water-well productivity defined as the pumping rate divided by the drawdown at a stated time after pumping began, used to compare wells and estimate aquifer transmissivity.
Specific Claims Tribunal of Canada
The Specific Claims Tribunal of Canada is an independent body of Superior Court judges making binding decisions on First Nations claims against the federal Crown, established in 2008.
Specific energy (open-channel flow)
Specific energy in open-channel flow is the energy of flowing water per unit weight relative to the channel bottom, equal to depth plus velocity head, and it classifies flow as subcritical, critical, or supercritical.
Specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity, or specific heat, is a substance's heat capacity per unit mass, the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg by one degree.
Specific identification
Specific identification is an inventory and cost-basis method matching each unit sold to its actual purchase cost, used for distinguishable items like vehicles, jewelry, and artwork.
Specific impulse
Specific impulse, commonly written Isp, measures rocket engine efficiency as thrust per unit rate of propellant consumption, expressed in seconds like miles per gallon for cars.
Specific phobia
Specific phobia, formerly simple phobia, is an anxiety disorder of marked, disproportionate fear of objects or situations (animals, heights, blood, flying). Lifetime prevalence about 7.4%, onset typically childhood, treated mainly with exposure therapy.
Specific range
Specific range is a measure of aircraft cruise efficiency, the distance flown per unit of fuel consumed, and the aviation counterpart of an automobile's miles per gallon.
Specific rotation
Specific rotation (symbol [α]) is the rotation of plane-polarized light by a chiral substance, divided by path length and concentration, typically at the sodium D line.
Specific speed
Specific speed is a characteristic index number for rotodynamic pumps that condenses best-efficiency speed, flow, and head into one value for comparing and classifying impellers.
Specific storage
Specific storage measures the volume of water a unit volume of confined aquifer releases per unit decline in hydraulic head, expressed in units of inverse length.
Specific strength
Specific strength, or strength-to-weight ratio, is a material's strength divided by its density; carbon fiber outranks steel by roughly twelve times, making it vital in aerospace.
Specific thrust
Specific thrust is the thrust produced by a jet engine divided by the mass flow rate of air through it, letting engines of different sizes be compared directly.