All articles A–Z

Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate

Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃, commonly abbreviated NVPF) is a polyanionic cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, first synthesized in 1999 and used in TIAMAT's commercial cells.

Sodium vanadium phosphate

Sodium vanadium phosphate, abbreviated NVP, is a NASICON-family compound used as a cathode material in sodium-ion batteries, with a 3.4 V operating voltage and 117.6 mAh/g theoretical capacity.

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC), formerly ZS-9 and sold as Lokelma by AstraZeneca, is a non-absorbed oral potassium binder approved in 2018 to treat hyperkalemia in adults.

Sodium-air battery

A sodium-air battery is a metal-air electrochemical cell that oxidizes a sodium anode and reduces oxygen at the cathode, studied as an inexpensive, high-energy alternative to lithium-ion batteries.

The sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX, SLC8 family: NCX1/2/3) is a plasma-membrane antiporter exchanging 3 Na+ for 1 Ca2+ in most animal cells, distinct from K+-dependent NCKX (4Na+:1Ca2++K+); it extrudes Ca2+ rapidly at low affinity and is central to cardiac calcium cycling and digitalis action.

Sodium-cooled fast reactor

A sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is a nuclear reactor that uses liquid sodium coolant and fast neutrons without a moderator, recycling plutonium and other actinides in a closed fuel cycle.

Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter deficiency

Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter deficiency, also called SMVT deficiency or SLC5A6 deficiency (OMIM 618973), is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder impairing intestinal uptake of biotin, pantothenic acid, and lipoate, treatable with high-dose vitamins.

Sodium-glucose transport proteins

Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLTs, SLC5 family) are sodium-coupled glucose cotransporters; SGLT1 absorbs glucose in the intestine (2 Na:1 glucose), SGLT2 reabsorbs ~90% of filtered glucose in the kidney, and SGLT2 inhibitors are diabetes drugs.

Sodium-ion battery

The sodium-ion battery, also known as the Na-ion battery, is a rechargeable battery that shuttles sodium ions between electrodes, now commercial in China with lower costs than lithium-ion.

Oct 22, 2026

Sodium-ion battery anode

The sodium-ion battery anode is the negative electrode of a sodium-ion battery, storing sodium ions during charging; hard carbon is the standard material, with alloying alternatives like antimony and phosphorus.

Sodium-vapor lamp

The Sodium-vapor lamp (sodium lamp) is an arc discharge lamp used for street lighting. Low-pressure types are nearly monochromatic yellow with high efficacy, whereas high-pressure versions offer golden-white color.

Sodium–potassium pump

Sodium–potassium pump (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, NKA): P-type ATPase in animal cell membranes that hydrolyzes one ATP to export 3 Na⁺ and import 2 K⁺, maintaining ion gradients; discovered by Jens Skou in 1957, Nobel Prize 1997; inhibited by ouabain and digitalis.

Oct 22, 2026

Sodium–sulfur battery

The sodium–sulfur battery (NaS battery) is a rechargeable battery with molten sodium and sulfur electrodes separated by a ceramic electrolyte, commercialized by NGK and TEPCO in 2002.

Sodium:alanine symporter

Sodium:alanine symporter (AgcS family, PF01235, TC 2.A.25): bacterial/archaeal secondary transporter coupling alanine or glycine uptake to Na+ influx; 11-helix LeuT fold; M. maripaludis AgcS structures 6CSE/6CSF show occluded state and substrate selectivity.

Sodium/bile acid cotransporter

Sodium/bile acid cotransporters (SLC10 family; NTCP/SLC10A1, ASBT/SLC10A2, SOAT/SLC10A6) are sodium-dependent membrane transporters of bile acids, steroid sulfates, drugs, and thyroid hormones; NTCP is also the HBV/HDV entry receptor.

Oct 20, 2026

Sodium/pantothenate symporter

Sodium/pantothenate symporter (PanF), the E. coli pantothenate permease, a sodium-coupled SSS-family (TC 2.A.21) secondary transporter importing vitamin B5 with Kt 0.4 μM; distinct from mammalian SMVT (SLC5A6).

Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma

FXYD2, the gamma (γ) subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase, is a single-pass FXYD-family membrane protein that modulates the sodium pump's Na+, K+, and ATP affinities; it is encoded by one gene, expressed mainly in the kidney, and its loss in mice impairs reproduction but not renal function.

Sodo

Sodo (Wolaita Sodo) is a city in southern Ethiopia, capital of Wolaita Zone and the South Ethiopia regional state, about 330 km south of Addis Ababa; founded as a Menelik II military center, a six-route transport hub with rapid urban growth.

Oct 22, 2026

Sodobnost

Sodobnost is a Slovenian literary and cultural magazine founded in 1933 and considered the oldest Slovene magazine for literature, publishing poetry, essays, and reviews from Ljubljana.

Sodom (band)

Sodom is a German thrash metal band from Gelsenkirchen formed in 1982 (some sources say 1981), led by constant member Tom Angelripper; part of the Teutonic Big Four, known for Agent Orange and early black metal influence.

Sodom and Gomorrah

Sodom and Gomorrah are two cities of the Plain that Genesis says were destroyed by brimstone and fire from heaven for their wickedness, with only Lot and his family escaping.

Sodomy

Sodomy, from Latin peccatum Sodomiticum, is a legal term for anal and oral intercourse historically criminalized; criminalized from Justinian's 538 novella and the 1120 canons of Nablus, spread by British colonialism, and struck down in the US by Lawrence v. Texas (2003).

Sodomy law

Sodomy laws criminalize sexual acts deemed unnatural, historically anal and oral sex, also called buggery or crimes against nature. Originating in English law (Buggery Act 1533) and spread by colonial penal codes, they remain in about 63 UN member states; Lawrence v. Texas ended them in the US in 2003.

Sodomy laws in the United States

Sodomy laws in the United States: state statutes criminalizing oral and anal sex, universal until Illinois's 1961 repeal, upheld in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), invalidated by Lawrence v. Texas (2003), with 12 dormant statutes remaining as of 2023.

Sodor (fictional island)

Sodor is the fictional Irish Sea island between the Isle of Man and Barrow-in-Furness, created by Rev. W. Awdry for The Railway Series; also called the Island of Sodor, setting of Thomas the Tank Engine, with its own map, history, and Sudric language.