All articles A–Z

Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate

A spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate is an ultracold gas whose atoms' spin is coupled to their motion by engineered laser fields, first realized with rubidium-87 in 2011.

Sep 29, 2026

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) is a technique using a magnetized STM tip to image magnetic domains, spin spirals, and skyrmions with atomic resolution, first demonstrated on chromium in 1990.

Spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES, also called spin-ARPES) is an experimental technique extending ARPES by measuring electron spin polarization, used to study topological insulators, Rashba splitting, and altermagnets.

Spin-resolved photoemission microscopy

Spin-resolved photoemission microscopy is a family of surface-science techniques combining photoemission spectroscopy with electron microscopy to image the spin polarization of emitted electrons in real or momentum space.

Spin-spin relaxation

Spin-spin relaxation, or transverse relaxation, is the loss of phase coherence among nuclear spins in NMR, characterized by the time constant T₂, always no longer than T₁.

Spin-splitter torque

Spin-splitter torque is a current-induced torque generated in altermagnets like RuO2, producing a transverse pure spin current; it is nonrelativistic and enables field-free magnetization switching.

Spin-state catalysis in oxygen reduction

Spin-state catalysis in oxygen reduction uses catalyst spin states and spin-polarized electron transfer to lower the kinetic barrier of the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells and metal–air batteries.

Spin-state control of perovskite oxygen evolution

Spin-state control of perovskite oxygen evolution is the deliberate tuning of electron spin configurations in perovskite oxide electrocatalysts, which improves the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction of water splitting.

Spin-to-charge conversion at Rashba interfaces

Spin-to-charge conversion at Rashba interfaces turns a spin current injected into a two-dimensional interface state into an in-plane charge current, driven by Rashba spin-orbit coupling and underpinning spintronic devices like MESO transistors.

Spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance

Spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) is an electrical measurement technique in which a radio-frequency current drives ferromagnetic resonance, yielding a DC voltage that quantifies spin-orbit torques.

Spin-torque oscillator

A spin-torque oscillator (STO) is a nanoscale device that generates microwave signals, used in hard disk drive write heads to lower the field needed to record data.

Spin-triplet supercurrent

A spin-triplet supercurrent is a dissipationless Josephson current carried by Cooper pairs whose electrons have parallel spins, letting superconducting current pass through ferromagnets and forming the basis of superconducting spintronics.

Spin-valley locking

Spin-valley locking is the coupling between an electron's spin and its valley index in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, first realized in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers.

Spin-wave majority gate

A spin-wave majority gate is a spintronic logic device whose output, set by spin-wave interference, returns the majority of input phases; first demonstrated experimentally in 2017 in a YIG waveguide.

Spin–lattice relaxation

Spin–lattice relaxation, also known as T1 relaxation, is the process by which excited nuclear or electron spins release energy to their surroundings, measured by the time constant T1.

Spin–momentum locking of light in nanophotonic waveguides

Spin–momentum locking of light in nanophotonic waveguides is the one-to-one relationship between a guided mode's transverse spin and its propagation direction, enabling chiral light–matter coupling and unidirectional photon routing.

Spin–orbit coupling in Bose gases

Spin–orbit coupling in Bose gases is a synthetic coupling, engineered with Raman lasers, that links ultracold atoms' spin to their momentum; first realized in 2011, it enables a supersolid stripe phase.

Spin–orbit interaction

The spin–orbit interaction, also called spin–orbit coupling, is a relativistic coupling between a particle's spin and its orbital motion through an electric potential, producing the fine structure of atomic spectra.

Spin–orbit resonance

A spin–orbit resonance is a fixed ratio between a celestial body's rotation and its orbit; the Moon is synchronously locked 1:1, and Mercury is locked 3:2.

Spin–orbit torque switching of antiferromagnets

Spin–orbit torque switching of antiferromagnets is the use of current-induced spin–orbit torques to electrically flip a material's Néel vector, first shown in CuMnAs at room temperature in 2016.

Spin–orbit-coupled degenerate Fermi gases

A spin–orbit-coupled degenerate Fermi gas is an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms with laser-engineered spin–orbit coupling, studied for exotic phases including topological superfluids hosting Majorana fermions.

Spin–orbit-coupled quantum gas

A spin–orbit-coupled quantum gas is an ultracold atomic gas in which each atom's motion is linked to its spin state by synthetic spin–orbit coupling, created with Raman lasers and first realized at NIST in 2011.

Spin–orbit-torque switching of perpendicular magnets

Spin–orbit-torque (SOT) switching of perpendicular magnets is a technique in which an in-plane current generates a spin current that reverses out-of-plane magnetization, investigated for fast, high-endurance SOT-MRAM.

Spin–phonon coupling

Spin–phonon coupling is the interaction between a solid's magnetic excitations (magnons) and lattice vibrations (phonons). It underlies magnetostriction, magnetic relaxation, and hybridized magnon–phonon quasiparticles called magnon polarons.

Spin–photon interface

A spin–photon interface is a device that coherently links a stationary spin qubit, such as an electron spin, to a photonic qubit, enabling remote entanglement in quantum networks.

Spin–spin coupling

Spin–spin coupling, also known as J-coupling or scalar coupling, is the interaction between neighboring nuclear magnetic moments that splits NMR spectral lines; the coupling is transmitted through bonding electrons and reported in hertz.

Spin–statistics theorem

The spin–statistics theorem is a result of relativistic quantum field theory stating that integer-spin particles are bosons and half-integer-spin particles are fermions; it was first proved by Wolfgang Pauli in 1940.

Oct 20, 2026

Spina

Spina: Etruscan port city in the Po Delta near Comacchio, founded late 6th century BC, abandoned by the 3rd century BC; canal-grid town of about 6 ha with over 4,000 tombs and a Delphi treasury.

Spina bifida

Spina bifida is a neural tube defect in which the spine fails to close in early pregnancy. Types include occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele; folic acid prevents most cases, and fetal surgery improves outcomes.