All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Ecology of filmy ferns
Ecology of filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae): over 600 hygrophilous, poikilohydric ferns with one-cell-thick leaves lacking cuticle and stomata; mostly epiphytic in humid tropical montane forests, richest in Central and South America and Southeast Asia.
Ecology of Ganoderma
Ecology of Ganoderma: a genus of 191–400 white rot wood-decaying fungi worldwide, decomposers of woody debris and root/butt rot pathogens of trees and crops, with laccase-dominated lignin degradation and disjunct biogeography.
Ecology of jelly fungi
The ecology of jelly fungi covers wood-decaying basidiomycetes, including saprotrophic Auricularia species and mycoparasitic Tremella, whose gelatinous fruit bodies survive repeated drying and release spores after rain.
Ecology of Marsileaceae
The ecology of Marsileaceae, water clovers and pillworts, is shaped by unreliable wetlands: sporocarps survive decades to a century dry, then germinate within hours of wetting.
Ecology of micro-oligochaetes
The ecology of micro-oligochaetes covers small annelid worms: enchytraeids drive soil decomposition and nutrient cycling, while tubificids rework aquatic sediments and serve as pollution bioindicators.
Ecology of milk-cap fungi (Lactarius and Lactifluus)
Milk-cap fungi, the closely related genera Lactarius and Lactifluus, are ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes with well over 650 species worldwide, partnering with trees from temperate forests to the tropics.
Ecology of potter and mason wasps
Potter and mason wasps (Eumeninae) are the largest vespid wasp subfamily, with about 3,800 species whose larvae eat paralyzed caterpillars and whose adults feed on nectar.
Ecom Express
Ecom Express was an Indian e-commerce logistics company founded in 2012 in Gurugram by former Blue Dart executives, agreed in 2025 to be acquired by Delhivery.
Ecomuseum Zoo
Ecomuseum Zoo (Zoo Ecomuseum), the only outdoor zoo on Montreal island, in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue; a CAZA-accredited non-profit exhibiting only Québec wildlife, mostly non-releasable animals, open 364 days a year.
Econazole
Econazole is an imidazole antifungal drug used topically against dermatophyte and yeast infections of the skin, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica in Belgium and marketed in 1974 as one of the first azole antifungals.
Econet Wireless
Econet Wireless is a Zimbabwean telecommunications and fintech group founded by Strive Masiyiwa after a five-year legal battle, operating the country's largest mobile network and the EcoCash platform with about 9 million users.
Econic Partners LLC
Econic Partners LLC is an economic consulting firm specializing in antitrust, litigation, and regulatory analysis, founded by Compass Lexecon co-founder Jonathan Orszag and launched in 2025.
Econometrica
Econometrica is the peer-reviewed journal of the Econometric Society, founded in 1933 and edited for its first 22 years by Ragnar Frisch, covering all branches of economics and ranking among the profession's top five journals.
Econometrics
Econometrics, also called econometry, is the field of economics that applies statistical methods, especially linear regression estimated by ordinary least squares, to analyze and test economic relationships in data.
Economic abuse
Economic abuse, also called financial abuse, is control by a partner, ex-partner, or family member over a person's money, credit, employment, and economic resources. Recognized in the UK Domestic Abuse Act 2021; involves control, exploitation, and employment sabotage; affects about 97% of domestic abuse cases.
Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece
The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece was a series of three rescue-loan agreements, concluded in 2010, 2012, and 2015, between Greece, euro-area institutions, and the IMF.
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the EU framework coordinating member states' economic policies while the European Central Bank sets a single monetary policy for the euro.
Economic anthropology
Economic anthropology is the cross-cultural, ethnographic study of how people produce, exchange, and consume goods, a field at the interface of anthropology and economics for almost a century.
Economic bubble
An economic bubble, also called a speculative bubble, is a sustained rise in an asset's price above its fundamental value, sustained by expectations of resale.
Economic calculation problem
The economic calculation problem is Ludwig von Mises's 1920 claim that without market prices for the means of production, a socialist economy cannot perform rational economic calculation.
Economic calendar
An economic calendar is a published schedule of market-moving data releases, central bank decisions, and speeches, listing each event's time, impact rating, forecast, previous value, and actual result.
Economic Census (United States)
The Economic Census is the official five-year measure of American business conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for years ending in 2 and 7, benchmarking GDP and the Producer Price Index.
Economic collapse
Economic collapse, also called economic disaster, is an extremely severe downturn in which GDP falls more than 10 percent, as in Venezuela's 75 percent contraction from 2013 to 2021.
Economic Community of Central African States
The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS, French acronym CEEAC) is a regional economic community of eleven Central African states, founded by treaty in Libreville in 1983.
Economic Competition
Economic competition occurs when firms vie for customers on price, quality, and innovation, driving lower prices and innovation; it is protected and shaped by competition law.
Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) is a preferential trade agreement signed by Taiwan and mainland China in June 2010 that cut tariffs on selected goods.
Economic Cooperation Organization (سازمان همکاری اقتصادی)
The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is a ten-member intergovernmental economic organization headquartered in Tehran, working to remove trade barriers and develop transport and energy cooperation across Eurasia.
Economic D-Day
Economic D-Day, also called Operation Economic Outcast, refers to the massive economics of the 1944 Normandy landings and to the 2026 US Treasury sanctions campaign against Iran.
Economic democracy
Economic democracy, or Wirtschaftsdemokratie, is the extension of democratic principles into the economy, especially workplace democracy via worker cooperatives and co-determination, distinct from social democracy's redistributive approach.
Economic depression
An economic depression is an unusually severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity, worse than a recession; analysts often cite a GDP decline exceeding 10 percent.