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Electron ptychographic tomography
Electron ptychographic tomography is an electron microscopy method that combines ptychographic phase retrieval from 4D-STEM data with tomographic reconstruction, recovering 3D atomic structure at sub-angstrom precision in light elements.
Electron ptychography
Electron ptychography is an electron microscopy technique that reconstructs a specimen's structure and electric fields from 4D-STEM diffraction data, reaching deep-sub-ångström resolution with 10 to 100 times better dose efficiency.
Electron radiography
Electron radiography is an imaging technique that forms images by recording fast electrons transmitted or deflected by an object, including laser-plasma radiography of dense targets and plasma wakes.
Electron shell
An electron shell is a set of atomic orbitals sharing the same principal quantum number n, an energy level in an atom, first proposed in Niels Bohr's 1913 model.
Electron shuttling
Electron shuttling is the controlled transport of a single electron through quantum dots while preserving its spin, connecting spin qubits tens of micrometers apart in silicon quantum processors.
Electron spectroscopy
Electron spectroscopy is a family of analytical techniques that measures the kinetic energy, and often the angle and spin, of electrons ejected from matter to determine electronic structure and surface composition.
Electron spin
Electron spin is the electron's intrinsic angular momentum, a quantum property taking only two values along any axis, proposed by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit in 1925.
Electron spin echo
The electron spin echo is a microwave signal in which dephased electron spins refocus after two or more microwave pulses; it underlies nearly all pulsed EPR.
Electron spin resonance dating
Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating, also called electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating, measures radiation-induced defects in minerals to date fossils and sediments, especially tooth enamel, over the Quaternary.
Electron spin resonance scanning tunneling microscopy
Electron spin resonance scanning tunneling microscopy combines the atomic-scale imaging of a scanning tunneling microscope with electron spin resonance, first achieving single-atom spin detection in 2015.
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation
Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) is a pulsed EPR technique, reported in 1965, that measures hyperfine and quadrupole interactions between an electron spin and nuclei within roughly 0.8 nm.
Electron temperature gradient instability
The electron temperature gradient (ETG) instability is a drift-wave microinstability of magnetically confined fusion plasmas, driven by the electron temperature gradient and considered a main cause of anomalous electron heat transport in tokamak cores.
Electron tomography
Electron tomography is a microscopy method that reconstructs 3D volumes, called tomograms, of cells, organelles, and macromolecular assemblies from tilted image series recorded with a transmission electron microscope.
Electron transfer
Electron transfer, or ET, is a chemical event in which an electron moves from a donor to an acceptor, occurring by quantum tunnelling in photosynthesis and respiration.
Electron Transport
Electron transport (respiratory chain): the membrane process moving electrons from reduced substrates to oxygen (or other acceptors), pumping protons to power ATP synthase; central to respiration, photosynthesis, and early evolution.
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain: membrane protein complexes (I–IV) plus ubiquinone and cytochrome c that pass electrons to oxygen, pump protons, and drive ATP synthesis via Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.
Electron transport layer
An electron transport layer is an n-type semiconductor film in a solar cell that extracts photo-generated electrons to the electrode and blocks holes, used chiefly in perovskite solar cells.
Electron-activated dissociation
Electron-activated dissociation (EAD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation technique that uses a tunable electron beam to fragment ions, preserving labile modifications and revealing lipid structures that collision-induced dissociation often misses.
Electron-beam additive manufacturing
Electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is a metal 3D printing method that melts powder or wire with an electron beam under vacuum, used for aerospace and implants.
Electron-beam lithography
Electron-beam lithography, also called E-beam lithography, is a maskless nanofabrication technique that writes patterns with a focused electron beam, achieving sub-10 nm resolution; its low speed limits it to photomasks and research.
Electron-beam melting
Electron-beam melting (EBM), also called selective electron beam melting, is an additive manufacturing process that melts metal powder layer by layer in vacuum, used for orthopedic implants and aerospace turbine components.
Electron-beam single-atom manipulation
Electron-beam single-atom manipulation is the use of a focused electron beam in an aberration-corrected STEM to move individual atoms or atomic columns within a material.
Electron-beam sputter deposition
Electron-beam sputter deposition is a sparsely documented physical vapor deposition technique at the intersection of sputter deposition, which ejects target atoms with ions, and electron-beam evaporation.
Electron-beam technology
Electron-beam technology uses focused, accelerated beams of electrons as a controllable energy source, chiefly for welding metals, machining and drilling, 3D printing of metal parts, and nanoscale lithography.
Electron-beam wafer inspection
Electron-beam wafer inspection is a semiconductor metrology technique that scans a focused electron beam across a patterned wafer, imaging defects down to about 1 nm that optical tools miss.
Electron-beam welding
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a focused beam of high-velocity electrons melts metal inside a vacuum chamber, producing deep, narrow welds in a single pass.
Electron-beam-induced deposition
Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID), also called focused electron beam induced deposition, is a nanofabrication technique where a focused electron beam dissociates gaseous precursors to write nanoscale solid deposits.
Electron-capture supernova
An electron-capture supernova is a stellar explosion in which collapse of an 8 to 10 solar mass star's core is triggered by electron captures, not an iron core.
Electron-impact excitation
Electron-impact excitation is the inelastic collision in which a free electron raises a bound electron of an atom, ion, or molecule to a higher energy level.
Electron-Ion Collider
The Electron-Ion Collider is a particle accelerator under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory that will collide polarized electrons with protons and nuclei to map quarks and gluons.