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Integer
An integer, also called an integer number, is a whole number that may be positive, negative, or zero, and the set ℤ is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
Integer (computer science)
In computer science, an integer, also called an integral data type, represents whole numbers as a fixed-width bit pattern or, in languages like Python, with arbitrary precision.
Integer ambiguity resolution
Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is the estimation of unknown carrier-phase cycle-count ambiguities as integers, enabling precise GNSS positioning; methods include rounding, bootstrapping, and the LAMBDA method introduced in 1993.
Integer factorization
Integer factorization, also called prime factorization, is the problem of decomposing a composite integer into smaller factors, best known as the basis of RSA cryptography.
Integer overflow
Integer overflow, also called bit overflow, is the condition where an arithmetic operation on a fixed-width integer produces a result the type cannot represent, potentially causing memory-safety vulnerabilities.
Integer programming
Integer programming, also called integer linear programming or mixed-integer programming, is a branch of mathematical optimization where some or all variables are restricted to integer values.
Integer quadratic programming
Integer quadratic programming (IQP) is an optimization method that minimizes a quadratic objective over integer variables subject to constraints, and is NP-hard even in two variables.
Integra Group
Integra Group (Интегра) is a Russian oilfield services company founded in 2004 that provides drilling, workover, and well construction services across the full life cycle of an oil or gas field, and also manufactures drilling tools.
Integrable system
An integrable system is a dynamical system, typically Hamiltonian, that has enough independent conserved quantities in involution to be solved exactly by Liouville's criterion, with the Kepler problem and spinning tops as classical examples.
Integral
An integral, also called integral calculus, is a fundamental object of calculus assigning a function over an interval a number, the net signed area under its graph.
Integral basis
An integral basis of a number field K of degree n is a set of n algebraic integers that spans the ring of integers as a free module over the integers.
Integral Coach Factory
Integral Coach Factory (ICF), formerly Perambur Coach Factory, is Indian Railways' coach works in Chennai, opened by Nehru in 1955 with Swiss technology; builder of Vande Bharat trains and 75,000 coaches by 2024.
Integral collector-storage system
An integral collector-storage (ICS) system, also called a batch collector, is a passive solar water heater in which the collector and storage tank are one unit, typically used as a solar preheater.
Integral domain
An integral domain, also called an entire ring, is a commutative ring in which ab = 0 forces a = 0 or b = 0; the integers are the standard example.
Integral element
An integral element of a ring S over a base ring R satisfies a monic polynomial with coefficients in R, generalizing algebraic elements of field extensions.
Integral fast reactor
The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), also known as the Advanced Liquid-Metal Reactor, was an Argonne National Laboratory program from 1984 to 1994 combining a sodium-cooled fast reactor with on-site fuel recycling.
Integral field spectroscopy
Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) is an astronomical technique that records a spectrum for every position in a two-dimensional field at once, producing a data cube used to map galaxies.
Integral imaging
Integral imaging is a passive light-field technique that captures or displays 3D scene information by recording many perspective views through microlens or camera arrays, proposed by Gabriel Lippmann in 1908.
Integral inner nuclear membrane protein ima1
Ima1, gene ima1 or SPCC737.03c, is an integral inner nuclear membrane protein in fission yeast that binds centromeric core and telomere ends and buffers nuclear-envelope forces.
Integral membrane protein
An integral membrane protein, also known as an integral protein, is a protein permanently embedded in a biological membrane, usually spanning the lipid bilayer to perform transport, signaling, and adhesion.
Integral membrane protein SYS1-related
Integral membrane protein SYS1-related (InterPro IPR019185, Pfam PF09801) is a family of small four-pass Golgi membrane proteins, founded on yeast Sys1p and its human ortholog SYS1, involved in late Golgi-endosome trafficking and ARFRP1/Arl3 GTPase recruitment.
Integral natural reserve
Integral natural reserve (réserve intégrale, reserva integral): a strictly protected conservation area or zone where extractive use and habitat modification are banned, matching IUCN category Ia; used in Mozambique, Spain, France, and Pacific WDPA records.
Integral reinforcement learning
Integral reinforcement learning (IRL) is a reinforcement learning method for continuous-time dynamical systems that learns optimal control policies from reward integrated over time intervals, needing no drift dynamics.
Integral rocket ramjet
The integral rocket ramjet (IRR) is a missile propulsion system in which a rocket booster and ramjet share a single combustion chamber, studied from the 1970s onward.
Integral sliding mode control
Integral sliding mode control (ISMC) is a variant of sliding mode control that adds an integral term to eliminate the reaching phase, proposed by Utkin and Shi in 1996.
Integral symbol
The integral symbol ∫, also called the integral sign, is the mathematical symbol for integration, introduced by Leibniz in 1675 as a long S for summa.
Integral transform
An integral transform converts a function of one variable into another by integrating against a fixed two-variable kernel, turning differential equations into algebraic ones that are easier to solve.
Integralism
Integralism: Catholic political doctrine holding that temporal power must be subordinated to the Church's spiritual authority, rejecting liberal church-state separation; also the Portuguese Integralismo Lusitano (1913/1916) and Brazilian Ação Integralista Brasileira of Plínio Salgado, corporatist movements that backed the Estado Novo regimes.
Integralist coup attempt
The Integralist coup attempt, known as the Intentona Integralista, was a failed 1938 armed uprising by the Ação Integralista Brasileira against Getúlio Vargas's Estado Novo dictatorship in Rio de Janeiro.
Integrally closed domain
An integrally closed domain is an integral domain containing every element of its fraction field integral over it, that is, satisfying a monic polynomial over the domain.