All articles A–Z

Integrated Air Defense System

An integrated air defense system (IADS) is the networked combination of sensors, command nodes, and weapons used to detect and counter an enemy's airborne penetration of defended territory.

Integrated assessment model

An integrated assessment model (IAM) is a computer model that links climate with economic, energy, and land-use systems to analyze climate policies, used in IPCC assessments.

Integrated bar

An integrated bar, also called a mandatory or unified bar, is a state bar association that every lawyer must join and fund as a condition of practicing law in that state.

Integrated Battle Command System

The Integrated Battle Command System is the US Army's command-and-control system for air and missile defense, networking sensors and shooters not designed to work together.

Integrated business planning (IBP) is a cross-functional management process, evolved from sales and operations planning, that combines strategic, operational, and financial planning into one monthly coordinated plan.

Integrated Carbon Observation System

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure, based in Helsinki since 2015, that provides standardized long-term data on the carbon cycle and greenhouse gas budget.

Integrated Child Development Services

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), India's 1975 flagship programme for children 0-6, pregnant women, and lactating mothers, delivering six services through over 1.3 million Anganwadi centres; now subsumed under Mission Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.

Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor device that combines many transistors and their interconnections on one piece of silicon, usually.

Integrated circuit design

Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is the engineering process of creating a chip's circuitry, from specification through logic synthesis and layout to tapeout of manufacturing data.

Integrated CO2 capture and conversion

Integrated CO2 capture and conversion, often abbreviated ICCC or ICCU, is a carbon management strategy that captures and converts CO2 into chemicals or fuels in one process.

Integrated computational materials engineering

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is an approach that links computational materials models with product design and manufacturing simulation, defined in a 2008 National Research Council report.

Integrated development environment

An integrated development environment (IDE), also called a programming environment, combines a code editor, compiler, and debugger in one tool; Dartmouth BASIC of 1964 is commonly cited as the first.

Integrated diamond photonics

Integrated diamond photonics fabricates optical waveguides and cavities in diamond to route light from color centers such as the NV center, which serve as spin qubits.

Integrated differential phase contrast microscopy

Integrated differential phase contrast microscopy (iDPC-STEM) is an electron microscopy technique that reconstructs a sample's electrostatic potential from segmented-detector measurements, used to image light elements at low dose.

Integrated electric propulsion

Integrated electric propulsion (IEP), also called full electric propulsion, is a ship propulsion arrangement where a common electrical power system serves propellers and all other ship services.

Integrated farming

Integrated farming is an agricultural approach linking crop cultivation with livestock or aquaculture so that wastes and by-products of one component become inputs for another.

Integrated Forecasting System

The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) is the numerical weather prediction suite with which ECMWF produces its operational forecasts, upgraded in regular numbered releases called cycles.

Integrated gasification combined cycle

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a power technology that converts coal to syngas, cleans it before combustion, and burns it in a gas and steam turbine combined cycle.

Integrated gasification fuel cell cycle

The integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) cycle, formally the Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle, gasifies coal to drive fuel cell, gas turbine, and steam turbine generation in series.

Integrated gate-commutated thyristor

The integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) is a high-power semiconductor switching device that combines a GCT wafer with its gate-drive unit, developed at ABB in the late 1990s for drives and HVDC.

Integrated gradients

Integrated gradients is an attribution method explaining a machine learning prediction by integrating input gradients along a path from a baseline to the input, introduced in 2017.

Integrated information theory

Integrated information theory (IIT), proposed by Giulio Tononi in 2004, identifies consciousness with integrated information measured by Φ, with versions 3.0 and 4.0, a clinical proxy (PCI), critiques by Aaronson and a 124-signer pseudoscience letter, and mixed 2025 adversarial-collaboration results.