All articles A–Z
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Interleukin-10
Interleukin-10 (IL-10, CSIF) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-10 family signaling via IL-10R1/R2, JAK1/TYK2, and STAT3; deficiency causes colitis, and pegylated IL-10 (pegilodecakin) failed phase III pancreatic cancer trials.
Interleukin-11
IL11 (interleukin 11, AGIF) is a 178-amino-acid IL-6 family cytokine on chromosome 19q13.42 that signals via IL-11Rα and gp130 through JAK/STAT3 and ERK. Recombinant IL-11 (oprelvekin) treats chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia; IL-11 also drives fibrosis and cancer stroma.
Interleukin-12
Interleukin-12 (IL-12, NKSF) is a 70 kDa heterodimeric cytokine of p40 and p35 subunits, made by dendritic cells and macrophages, that drives Th1 immunity and IFN-γ production via JAK2/TYK2-STAT4 signaling and shares p40 with IL-23.
Interleukin-13
IL13 (interleukin-13, P600) is a human gene at 5q31.1 encoding a 13 kDa Th2 cytokine that signals via IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1 and STAT6, drives asthma effector phase, and is targeted by lebrikizumab and dupilumab.
Interleukin-15
Interleukin-15 (IL-15), also called IL-T when first found in HuT-102 cells, is a 14-15 kDa common gamma-chain cytokine supporting NK and memory CD8 T cells; discovered in 1994, FDA-approved as nogapendekin alfa (Anktiva) in 2024.
Interleukin-16
IL16 (interleukin 16, lymphocyte chemoattractant factor) is a cytokine gene at 15q26.3 whose caspase-3-cleaved product chemoattracts CD4+ cells via CD4, primes TH1 responses, inhibits HIV entry, and is implicated in autoimmune disease.
Interleukin-19
Interleukin-19 (IL-19), an IL-10 family cytokine discovered in 2000, produced mainly by monocytes, signaling via the IL-20Rα/IL-20Rβ receptor and STAT3; linked to Th2 responses, asthma, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Interleukin-2 receptor alpha
Interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL2RA, CD25, TAC antigen, p55) is the IL-2-binding alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor; signaling-inert itself, it confers high affinity (Kd ~10-50 pM) on the trimeric receptor, is constitutive on Tregs, and its deficiency causes IPEX-like immunodysregulation.
Interleukin-22
Interleukin-22 (IL-22, formerly IL-TIF) is an IL-10 family cytokine, cloned in 2000, made by Th17/Th22 T cells and ILC3s, signaling via IL-22R1/IL-10R2 to STAT3 in epithelial cells, with tissue-protective and pathogenic roles.
Interleukin-24
Interleukin-24 (IL-24), also called melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7), is a cytokine of the interleukin-10 family that suppresses melanoma growth and induces apoptosis in tumor cells while sparing normal cells.
Interleukin-33
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), an IL-1 family alarmin cytokine stored in the nucleus of endothelial and epithelial cells, signals through the ST2/IL-1RAcP receptor and drives type 2 immunity, asthma, and tissue repair.
Interleukin-34
Interleukin-34 (IL-34, C16orf77) is a secreted homodimeric cytokine discovered in 2008 as a second ligand of CSF-1R alongside CSF-1; it sustains monocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells, and microglia, and is studied as a disease biomarker and drug target.
Interleukin-5
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), also called eosinophil differentiation factor and T-cell replacing factor, is a homodimeric type 2 cytokine regulating eosinophil differentiation, survival, and activation; targeted by mepolizumab, reslizumab, benralizumab, and depemokimab.
Interleukin-9
Interleukin-9 (IL-9, P40, TCGF III, MEA) is a pleiotropic gamma-chain family cytokine produced mainly by Th9 cells; it drives mast cell and type 2 immunity, asthma, parasite responses, and dual roles in cancer.
Interline agreement
An interline agreement is a commercial arrangement between two airlines in which each accepts the other's tickets, baggage checks, and cargo waybills for single-itinerary travel.
Interline power flow controller
The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a FACTS device proposed in 1999 that uses shared DC-linked voltage source converters to coordinate power flow on two or more transmission lines.
Interlingua
Interlingua (IALA) is a naturalistic international auxiliary language published in January 1951 by IALA under Alexander Gode, with 27,000 words extracted from English, French, Italian, and Spanish/Portuguese for at-sight readability by Romance speakers.
Interlingue
Interlingue (originally Occidental) is a naturalistic international auxiliary language created by Edgar von Wahl, published in 1922 in Kosmoglott and renamed Interlingue in 1949; known for de Wahl's word-formation rules and naturalistic grammar.
Interlinguistics
Interlinguistics: the linguistic study of international communication and planned international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua; founded on Jespersen's essay, with journals, societies, and debates on Eurocentricity and complexity.
Interlock (engineering)
An interlock is an engineering arrangement making one element's operation depend on another's state, as when opening a machine guard automatically shuts off power and prevents restarting.
Interlocking concrete pavers
Interlocking concrete pavers are precast concrete units laid on bedding sand so each block is restrained by its neighbors, forming a pavement that shares loads across many blocks.
Interlude
An interlude is a short English dramatic piece of the 15th and 16th centuries that grew out of the morality play, introducing realistic characters and farcical humor.
Intermarium
Intermarium (Polish: Międzymorze) is a Polish plan for a federation of Central and Eastern European states between the Baltic and Black Seas, pursued by Józef Piłsudski after World War I.
Intermediate age-related macular degeneration
Intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD), AREDS category 3, is AMD with extensive medium drusen (63–124 μm) or large drusen (≥125 μm); it carries high progression risk to wet AMD or geographic atrophy and is treated with AREDS2 supplements.
Intermediate atrioventricular septal defect
Intermediate atrioventricular septal defect (intermediate or transitional AV canal defect, ORPHA:576242) is a rare congenital AVSD variant with a common atrioventricular junction, primum ASD, and restrictive ventricular shunt; sources disagree on valve orifice number and VSD size, and repair is done in infancy.
Intermediate band solar cell
The intermediate band solar cell (IBSC) is a proposed photovoltaic device with an extra band inside the semiconductor bandgap, proposed in 1997 with a theoretical efficiency limit of 63%.
Intermediate bulk container
An intermediate bulk container, or IBC tote, is a rigid or flexible industrial container holding up to 3,000 liters of liquids or solids, sized for pallets and forklifts.
Intermediate Care Facilities
Intermediate care facilities are residential health care settings between a hospital and home support, serving people with intellectual disabilities in the US and frail older people in the UK.
Intermediate cartridge
An intermediate cartridge, also known as an intermediate-power cartridge, is a rifle cartridge between pistol and full-power rifle cartridges in power, first developed in World War II Germany.
Intermediate filament
Intermediate filaments (IFs), ~10 nm cytoskeletal filaments of keratins, vimentin, desmin, GFAP, neurofilaments, and lamins, encoded by 65 human genes; they buffer mechanical stress, are apolar, and their mutations cause skin, muscle, and lamin diseases.