All articles A–Z

International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation

International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation (IPPF, FIPP), a Swiss-law foundation in Bern founded 1951 from the 1872 International Prison Commission; sui generis UN-linked body that shaped the Nelson Mandela and Tokyo Rules and holds expert colloquia on penal policy.

International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol

The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) is a framework of definitions and four options for verifying energy and water savings, maintained by the Efficiency Valuation Organization.

International Petroleum Corporation

International Petroleum Corporation is a Canadian oil and gas exploration and production company in the Lundin Group, created in 2017 from a Lundin Petroleum spin-off.

International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the standard symbol system for transcribing speech sounds, maintained by the International Phonetic Association, founded in Paris in 1886 by Paul Passy; first published 1888, revised at the 1989 Kiel Convention.

International Phonetic Association

The International Phonetic Association, also known as L'Association Phonétique Internationale, is the oldest international organization for phoneticians, founded in Paris in 1886 by Paul Passy.

International Photonics & Electronics Consortium

The International Photonics & Electronics Consortium (IPEC) is a Geneva-based standards organization, founded in 2020, that develops open standards for optical chips, components, and modules used in 5G, IoT, and AI networks.

International Physical Activity Questionnaire

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a self-report survey measuring physical activity across work, transport, domestic, and leisure domains, developed for internationally comparable population studies.

International Physics Olympiad

The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual international physics competition for secondary school students, first held in Warsaw in 1967 and held in a different country each year.

International Physics Olympiad editions 1990–2009

The International Physics Olympiad editions 1990–2009 were twenty consecutive competitions, from Groningen in 1990 to Mérida in 2009, none canceled, with participation growing from 31 delegations to 62 countries.

International Physics Olympiad records and medal statistics

Records and medal statistics for the International Physics Olympiad, an annual physics contest for secondary students where gold goes to the top 8% and China led 2009–2019 with 55 golds.

Oct 10, 2026

International political economy

International political economy (IPE) is a social science field studying how states and markets, power and wealth, condition each other, situated between international relations and economics.

International Polo Cup

International Polo Cup, also Westchester Cup, historic US vs England polo trophy first played 1886 at Newport, Rhode Island; Tiffany silver cup, England won first series, USA leads 10 wins in 15 contests.

International Practical Shooting Confederation

International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC), founded 1976 at the Columbia Conference, Missouri, with Jeff Cooper as first president; international governing body for practical shooting in 108 countries, motto DVC, running Handgun, Rifle, Shotgun, Mini-Rifle, and Action Air World Shoots.

International Press Association

The International Press Association, also known as Association de la Presse Internationale, is a Brussels-based Belgian non-profit founded in 1975 that represents accredited foreign journalists covering the European institutions, NATO, and Belgium.

Oct 22, 2026

International Prize for Arabic Fiction

The International Prize for Arabic Fiction (الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية), often called the "Arabic Booker", is an annual prize for the best Arabic novel, launched in Abu Dhabi in 2007.

International Prognostic Index

The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a five-factor clinical scoring system, published in 1993, that predicts survival in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

International Prognostic Scoring System (myelodysplastic syndromes)

The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) is a 1997 hematology risk score for myelodysplastic syndromes, using marrow blasts, karyotype, and cytopenias to predict survival and AML transformation.

International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism

The international propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism is the transnational spread of a scripturally centered form of Sunni Islam, financed by Saudi Arabia since the 1960s.

International Prostate Symptom Score

The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is an eight-item questionnaire used in urology to grade urinary symptom severity in men and track change over time or treatment.

International Prototype of the Kilogram

The International Prototype of the Kilogram, nicknamed Le Grand K, is a platinum-iridium cylinder kept in Sèvres, France, that defined the SI kilogram from 1889 until 2019.

International Publishers Association

The International Publishers Association (IPA) is a non-profit federation of national publishers' associations, defending copyright and the freedom to publish and holding observer status at WIPO and UNESCO.

International Pulsar Timing Array

The International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) is a consortium founded in 2009 that combines pulsar timing data from radio telescopes worldwide to detect nanohertz gravitational waves.

International Quilt Festival

The International Quilt Festival is a large annual quilt show held each fall in Houston, Texas since 1975, featuring over 1,400 quilts, 500 vendor booths, and about 275 classes.

International Race of Champions

International Race of Champions (IROC), 1973-2006 all-star stock-car-based series founded by Roger Penske, Les Richter, and Mike Phelps; 12 champions from NASCAR, IndyCar, F1, and sports cars raced identical Camaros, Firebirds, and Porsches; revived as exhibitions in 2024.

International Racquetball Tour

The International Racquetball Tour (IRT) is the leading men's professional racquetball organization, established in 1990 and staging tournaments across the United States, Canada, and Latin America.

International Radiation Protection Association

The International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), formed in 1965, is an association of radiation protection practitioners joining through 53 national and regional societies in 68 countries, holding an international congress about every four years.

International Radiotelegraph Convention (1912)

The International Radiotelegraph Convention was a treaty signed at London in 1912 that governed ship-to-shore radio, setting distress priority and wavelength rules after the Titanic disaster.

International Railway Congress Association

The International Railway Congress Association (IRCA; French: Association Internationale du Congrès des Chemins de Fer) is an international body founded in Brussels in 1885 to promote railway progress through periodical congresses.

International reactions to the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela

International reactions to the 3 January 2026 US intervention in Venezuela, also called the US capture of Nicolás Maduro: Latin American, European, Russian, Chinese, and UN responses condemning or supporting the operation.