748 articles
Mediator complex, subunit Med2, fungi
Med2 (fungal Mediator subunit 2; human ortholog MED29) is a tail-module component of the Mediator coactivator of RNA polymerase II. It is required for activated transcription in yeast, expanded into the TLO telomeric gene family in Candida albicans, and controls azole drug tolerance in Candida glabrata.
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 3
Med3 (Pgd1, Hrs1) is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mediator tail-module subunit in the Med2-Med3-Med15 activator-binding triad; its human ortholog is MED27 (TRAP37, CRSP34). It acts as both positive and negative regulator of transcription.
MEG3
MEG3 (maternally expressed gene 3, Gtl2 in mouse) is an imprinted lncRNA gene at human chromosome 14q32.3 in the DLK1-DIO3 locus; a ~1.6 kb noncoding RNA tumor suppressor that activates p53, lost in many tumors but oncogenic in some leukemias.
MERRF syndrome
MERRF syndrome (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder, usually from the m.8344A>G MT-TK variant, causing myoclonus, epilepsy, ataxia, and ragged red fibers.
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, which read it to build proteins; it was named by Jacob and Monod in 1961.
Methionine repressor MetJ
Methionine repressor MetJ, E. coli ribbon-helix-helix transcription factor (gene metJ, b3938); with corepressor SAM it represses the methionine regulon by binding 8-bp metbox DNA arrays.
Methionyl-tRNA synthetase
Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS, EC 6.1.1.10) is the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that charges L-methionine onto initiator and elongator tRNA(Met) for AUG decoding, with editing activity, cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes, and bacterial MetRS as an antimicrobial drug target.
Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing
Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, also called MeRIP-seq or m6A-seq, is an antibody-based method that maps N6-methyladenosine across the transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing, reporting methylated regions roughly 100 to 200 nucleotides wide rather than single sites.
Micropeptide inhibiting actin cytoskeleton
MIAC (micropeptide inhibiting actin cytoskeleton) is a 51-aa micropeptide encoded by lncRNA AC025154.2/RP11-469H8.6; it binds AQP2, suppresses SEPT2/ITGB4 and EREG/EGFR signaling, acting as a tumor suppressor in HNSCC and renal cell carcinoma.
Microprocessor complex
Microprocessor complex: the nuclear DROSHA-DGCR8 (Pasha) heterotrimer of animals that cleaves pri-miRNA hairpins into 60-70 nt pre-miRNAs, the first step of canonical microRNA biogenesis; plants use DCL1 instead.
Microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8
DGCR8 (Pasha), DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8, is the RNA- and heme-binding subunit of the Drosha Microprocessor complex that cleaves pri-miRNAs; its haploinsufficiency underlies 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA): ~21-23 nucleotide non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally via the seed region and RISC; first found as lin-4 in C. elegans by Ambros and Ruvkun, honored by the 2024 Nobel Prize.
MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis
miRNA biogenesis and processing is the pathway converting primary microRNA transcripts into mature ~22-nucleotide miRNAs, through nuclear Drosha cleavage, Exportin-5 export, and cytoplasmic Dicer cutting.
MicroRNA sequencing
MicroRNA sequencing (small RNA-seq, miRNA-seq) is next-generation sequencing of ~20-nucleotide microRNAs and their isomiRs. Distinguished by adapter ligation bias, UMI-based correction, and liquid biopsy biomarker applications.
Minor spliceosomal snRNAs (U11, U12, U4atac and U6atac)
Minor spliceosomal snRNAs U11, U12, U4atac and U6atac form the RNA core of the U12-dependent minor spliceosome, which removes rare U12-type introns (about 700 in humans), sharing U5 with the major spliceosome.
Minor spliceosome
The minor spliceosome, also called the U12-dependent spliceosome, is one of two pre-mRNA splicing machineries in eukaryotes including humans, removing rare U12-type introns found in roughly 700 to 800 human genes.
Mir-10 microRNA precursor family
Mir-10 microRNA precursor family: ancient animal microRNA genes (with miR-100, miR-125) embedded in Hox clusters, regulating Hox transcripts, and acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer.
MiR-124
MiR-124 (microRNA-124) is a small non-coding RNA of about 22 nucleotides, the most abundant microRNA in the adult mouse brain, where it suppresses non-neuronal genes and helps maintain neuronal identity.
Mir-126
miR-126 (MIR126, microRNA-126) is an endothelial-specific human microRNA on 9q34.3, encoded in an intron of EGFL7, that regulates angiogenesis via SPRED1 and PIK3R2 and is studied as a biomarker in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
MiR-132
MiR-132 (microRNA-132) is a ~22-nucleotide non-coding RNA from the miR-132/212 cluster on human chromosome 17, CREB-regulated by neuronal activity, repressing targets like p250GAP, and implicated in Alzheimer's disease and heart failure therapy.
Mir-196 microRNA precursor family
Mir-196 microRNA precursor family: three human genes (MIR196A1, MIR196A2, MIR196B) embedded in HOXB, HOXC, HOXA clusters; targets HOXB8 by mRNA cleavage, patterns vertebrae and limbs, and serves as a context-dependent cancer biomarker.
MiR-203
MiR-203 (MIR203A, hsa-mir-203a) is a keratinocyte-specific microRNA at human 14q32.33 that promotes epidermal differentiation by repressing p63, Skp2, and Msi2; upregulated in psoriasis, tumor-suppressive in skin cancers and melanoma.
Mir-205
miR-205 (microRNA-205, MIR205/MIR205HG, 1q32.2) is a conserved epithelial microRNA that represses targets like ZEB1/ZEB2, acting as tumor suppressor or oncomiRNA depending on context.
MiR-208
MiR-208 (miR-208a, miR-208b) is a cardiac microRNA family encoded in introns of the myosin heavy chain genes Myh6 and Myh7, required for stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy and studied as a circulating biomarker of myocardial infarction.
miR-29 family
The miR-29 family is a group of three microRNAs, miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c, encoded from four genes on chromosomes 1 and 7, that repress extracellular matrix genes and curb fibrosis.
Mir-31
Mir-31 (miR-31), a conserved microRNA from the MIR31HG host gene on 9p21.3, regulates keratinocyte migration, wound healing, and skin aging, and acts as a tumor suppressor in adenocarcinoma but oncogene in squamous cell carcinoma.
MIR125A
MIR125A (hsa-mir-125a) is a human microRNA gene. It encodes microRNA 125a, a non-coding RNA that guides gene silencing by binding to target mRNAs and regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis.
MIR137
MIR137 (miR-137) is a human microRNA gene on chromosome 1p21.3 encoding a 23-nt brain-enriched non-coding RNA that regulates neural stem cell differentiation, is genetically linked to schizophrenia via MIR137HG/rs1625579, and acts as a methylation-silenced tumor suppressor.
MIR140
MIR140 (microRNA 140, MIRN140, mir-140) is a human chromosome 16q22.1 non-coding RNA gene inside WWP2 intron 15 producing cartilage-specific miR-140-5p/-3p; it regulates HDAC4 and ADAMTS5, and its mutation causes spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia MIR140 type.
MIR141
MIR141 (hsa-mir-141, HGNC:31528) is a human microRNA gene at 12p13.31, member of the miR-200 family clustered with miR-200c; it represses HIPK2, inhibits EMT, and is studied as a cancer biomarker.