75 articles
Acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic acid (urokonic acid, Urokon), 3-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, is the first monomeric ionic X-ray contrast agent, synthesized by Wallingford in 1953; nephrotoxic high-osmolar agent, now discontinued.
Angiography
Angiography, also called angiogram or catheter angiography, is x-ray imaging of blood vessels after contrast dye injection. Key facts: first angiogram 1896 (Haschek and Lindenthal), Seldinger technique 1953, iodine contrast, CTA and MRA alternatives.
Aortography
Aortography is an X-ray imaging technique in which contrast dye injected into the aorta shows blood flow through the aorta and its branches, used to diagnose aortic disease.
Arteriography
Arteriography is an imaging method in which iodinated contrast is injected into an artery and recorded with X-ray fluoroscopy, usually with digital subtraction, to show stenoses, aneurysms, and dissections.
Arthrography
Arthrography is an imaging technique in which contrast material is injected into a joint before radiography, CT, or MRI, distending the joint capsule to outline structures such as cartilage and ligaments.
Barium enema
A barium enema is a radiographic exam in which barium sulfate instilled through the rectum coats the colon for X-ray imaging, used to detect polyps, cancer, and inflammatory disease.
Bronchography
Bronchography: radiography of the bronchial tree after contrast medium injection, historically the definitive test for bronchiectasis, now largely replaced by high-resolution CT.
Cardiac angiography
Cardiac angiography is an invasive imaging method in which contrast dye is injected into the heart's chambers or coronary arteries and X-ray fluoroscopy records the anatomy in motion.
Cerebral Ventriculography
Cerebral ventriculography, also called ventriculography, is X-ray imaging of the brain's ventricles after injecting air directly through a burr hole, devised by Walter Dandy in 1918 and made obsolete by CT in the 1970s.
Cholangiography
Cholangiography is the radiologic or endoscopic imaging of the bile ducts with contrast agents or MRI, performed to diagnose duct obstruction, stones, strictures, and leaks.
Cholangiopancreatography
Cholangiopancreatography visualizes the bile and pancreatic ducts to diagnose ductal disease, in two forms: noninvasive MRI (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde contrast imaging (ERCP), which is mainly therapeutic.
Cholecystography
Cholecystography is x-ray imaging of the gallbladder after a contrast medium is swallowed or injected. Introduced in the 1920s, it was the principal test for gallstones until ultrasound displaced it.
Cineradiography
Cineradiography (cinefluorography, radiocinematography): motion picture recording of successive fluoroscopic X-ray images. Pioneered by Macintyre 1896-97 and Reynolds from 1921; made practical by 1953 image intensifiers; used for swallowing, cardiac, and joint motion studies before video replaced it.
Conventional angiography
Conventional angiography is the X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast agent through a catheter, allowing diagnosis and treatment such as angioplasty in one sitting.
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography is an invasive X-ray procedure in which contrast dye is injected into the coronary arteries through a catheter to visualize blockages and guide treatment of coronary artery disease.
CT arthrography
CT arthrography (CTA) is an imaging technique in which contrast is injected into a joint before CT scanning, making it a reference standard for cartilage surface defects.
CT enterography
CT enterography is a computed tomography technique in which the patient drinks neutral oral contrast to distend the small bowel, used mainly to evaluate Crohn's disease.
CT myelography
CT myelography is an imaging method in which iodinated contrast injected into the spinal subarachnoid space outlines the spinal cord and nerve roots on CT, first reported in 1976.
CT urography
CT urography (CTU) is a computed tomography scan of the urinary tract with intravenous contrast, used for hematuria workup and staging of urinary tract cancers.
Cystography
Cystography is an X-ray imaging method in which the urinary bladder is filled with contrast through a catheter to evaluate anatomy, vesicoureteral reflux, and leaks.
Cystourethrography
Cystourethrography is a fluoroscopic imaging test in which iodinated contrast is instilled into the bladder to show the bladder and urethra, chiefly to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux in children.
Dacryocystography
Dacryocystography (DCG) is a radiographic technique that injects iodinated contrast into a tear duct canaliculus to image the lacrimal drainage system and locate the site of obstruction in patients with overflowing tears.
Defecography
Defecography (evacuation proctography) is real-time fluoroscopic or MRI imaging of defecation to assess pelvic floor disorders such as rectocele, enterocele, intussusception, and dyssynergia.
Diagnostic Pneumomediastinum
Diagnostic pneumomediastinum, or pneumomediastinography, is deliberate injection of air or gas into the mediastinum to outline its organs radiographically. Pioneered by Condorelli in 1936, it evaluated mediastinal and thymic tumors and cancer operability before CT displaced it.
Diatrizoate
Diatrizoate, also called diatrizoic acid or amidotrizoic acid, is a high-osmolality iodinated X-ray contrast medium, developed in 1953 and used in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.
Ductography
Ductography, also called galactography, is a breast imaging test in which contrast is injected into a discharging milk duct before mammography to evaluate pathologic nipple discharge.
Electrokymography
Electrokymography: radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy to record heart-border motion, also called photokymography or roentgenkymography; developed by Henny and Boone from 1945.
Enterography
Enterography is a radiological technique in which the small bowel is imaged by CT or MRI after the patient drinks a large volume of contrast, chiefly to diagnose and monitor Crohn's disease.
Esophagography
Esophagography, commonly called a barium swallow or barium esophagram, is a fluoroscopic study in which the patient swallows barium to outline the esophagus, evaluating dysphagia, motility disorders, rings, strictures, and reflux.
Gadofosveset
Gadofosveset trisodium (MS-325; Vasovist, Ablavar) is an albumin-binding, blood-pool gadolinium contrast agent for MR angiography, approved in the EU (2005) and US (2008) and later withdrawn or discontinued.