87 articles
Prophylactic cranial irradiation
Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is preventive whole-brain radiotherapy that lowers the risk of brain metastases, chiefly in small-cell lung cancer, standard at 25 Gy in 10 fractions.
Radiation boost
A radiation boost is an extra dose of radiotherapy delivered to the tumor bed after or during primary radiotherapy, most commonly after breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer.
Radiation Dose Fractionation
Radiation dose fractionation, also called hypofractionation when larger, fewer fractions are used, divides a total radiotherapy dose into sessions; randomized trials in breast, prostate, and rectal cancer show similar survival to conventional 2 Gy daily schedules with fewer visits.
Radiation Dose Hypofractionation
Radiation dose hypofractionation delivers radiotherapy in fewer, larger fractions than the conventional 1.8-2.0 Gy: moderate (2.4-3.4 Gy) and ultrahypofractionation (≥5 Gy), established mainly in prostate cancer.
Radiation Equipment and Supplies
Radiation Equipment and Supplies (MeSH D055618, E07.710): instruments, apparatus, components, and expendables for radiation applications, from linacs and cobalt-60 units to brachytherapy afterloaders, dosimeters, and treatment planning systems, with their QA, safety, and regulation.
Radiation oncology
Radiation oncology is the medical specialty that treats cancer with high-energy radiation, damaging cancer cells' DNA through external beams, brachytherapy, or radioactive isotopes given throughout the body.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy, irradiation): cancer treatment using high-energy x-rays, gamma rays, protons, or radioactive sources to damage tumor DNA. Delivered as external beam, brachytherapy, or systemic therapy; main risk is normal-tissue toxicity.
Radioactive iodine therapy
Radioactive iodine therapy is a nuclear medicine treatment in which radioactive iodine-131 is taken by mouth to destroy thyroid tissue, treating hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer.
Radioembolization
Therapeutic radioembolization (SIRT, TARE, Y-90 radioembolization): catheter-based liver cancer therapy injecting yttrium-90 glass or resin microspheres into hepatic arteries; used for unresectable HCC and metastases, with FDA-approved TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres devices.
Radioimmunotherapy
Radioimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment in which a monoclonal antibody linked to a radioactive isotope is given intravenously, carrying radiation to tumor cells; FDA-approved agents treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Radioiodine therapy
Radioiodine therapy is a nuclear medicine treatment using orally taken radioactive iodine-131 to destroy thyroid tissue, treating hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer such as papillary and follicular types.
Radioisotope Teletherapy
Radioisotope teletherapy, also called teleradioisotope therapy, is external beam radiotherapy using gamma rays from a sealed radioisotope source, chiefly cobalt-60 units introduced in Canada in 1951 after radium teletherapy, now largely replaced by linacs in high-income countries.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue, given to about half of all cancer patients.
Radiotherapy Dosage
Radiotherapy dosage: specification and delivery of absorbed radiation dose in gray, divided into fractions (standard 1.8-2 Gy daily); governed by fractionation principles from Regaud and Coutard, ICRU-83/91 dose-volume reporting, and dose-escalation trials.
Radiotherapy Setup Errors
Radiotherapy setup errors are misalignments between the patient's treatment position and the planning image position. Also called positioning or geometric miss errors; detected by portal imaging, CBCT, or surface-guided radiotherapy; minimized with daily IGRT.
Re-irradiation
Re-irradiation is a new radiotherapy course to a previously irradiated volume, with cumulative dose converted to EQD2 or BED to assess organ toxicity risk before summation.
Salvage radiotherapy
Salvage radiotherapy is radiation treatment delivered to the prostatic fossa after prostatectomy when PSA rises or remains detectable, given at 64-74 Gy and often combined with several months of hormone therapy.
Spatially fractionated radiation therapy
Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) is a radiotherapy technique delivering high-dose peaks separated by low-dose valleys to shrink bulky tumors, including 2D GRID therapy and 3D lattice radiotherapy.
Spinal cord irradiation
Spinal cord irradiation (ICD-11 8E61.1): exposure of the spinal cord to therapeutic ionizing radiation; its main risk is radiation myelopathy, with dose-, fractionation-, and latency-dependent injury and defined tolerance constraints.
Spot scanning proton therapy
Spot scanning proton therapy is a radiation technique in which a magnetically steered proton pencil beam deposits individually weighted spots, building a 3D dose layer by layer.
Stationary beam radiation therapy
Stationary beam radiation therapy is an external beam radiotherapy technique in which the machine delivers radiation from fixed beam positions without rotating, used for palliative, superficial, and total body treatments.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), also called stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR), delivers high ablative radiation doses to body tumors in 1 to 5 fractions with submillimeter accuracy.
Teletherapy (radiation therapy)
Teletherapy, also called external-beam radiation therapy, treats cancer by directing ionizing radiation from a source outside the body at a defined target volume, one of radiotherapy's two main forms alongside brachytherapy.
Therapy dosimetry
Therapy dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose delivered to a patient during radiotherapy, using calibrated detectors and phantoms, with a benchmark 5% accuracy requirement.
Vaginal brachytherapy
Vaginal brachytherapy, also called vaginal cuff brachytherapy, is a radiation therapy technique that places radioactive sources inside the vagina, mainly after hysterectomy for endometrial cancer.
Whole brain radiotherapy
Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is a radiation therapy technique that delivers ionizing radiation to the entire brain, used mainly to treat brain metastases, typically 30 Gy in 10 fractions.
Whole breast irradiation
Whole breast irradiation (WBI) is adjuvant external beam radiotherapy treating the entire breast after breast-conserving surgery, typically 45–50 Gy over five weeks, with hypofractionated five-fraction schedules now standard.