196 articles
Collagenous colitis
Collagenous colitis, a subtype of microscopic colitis first named by Lindström in 1976, causes chronic watery non-bloody diarrhea with a normal-looking colon; diagnosis needs biopsies showing a subepithelial collagen band ≥10 μm, and budesonide is first-line therapy.
Colonic abscess
Colonic abscess (ICD-11 DB36.0), a localized pus collection in or near the colon, usually from perforated diverticulitis, sometimes colon cancer; treated with antibiotics, plus percutaneous drainage when 3 cm or larger.
Colonic atresia
Colonic atresia, also called large intestinal atresia, is a rare congenital blockage or absence of part of the colon, the rarest intestinal atresia type, occurring in roughly 1 in 10,000 to 66,000 births and treated surgically.
Congenital chloride diarrhea
Congenital chloride diarrhea (Darrow-Gamble syndrome, CLD/CCD) is a rare autosomal recessive SLC26A3 disorder causing prenatal-onset watery diarrhea with fecal chloride over 90 mmol/L, hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, treated with lifelong NaCl/KCl replacement.
Congenital enteropathy due to enteropeptidase deficiency
Congenital enteropathy due to enteropeptidase deficiency (enterokinase deficiency, OMIM 226200), a rare autosomal recessive TMPRSS15 disorder causing infantile diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, edema, and failure to thrive, treated with pancreatic enzymes.
Congenital intestinal motility disorders
Congenital intestinal motility disorders (ICD-11 DA90.2) are congenital small-intestinal disorders with severely impaired bowel movement and malabsorption, including chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, familial visceral myopathy, and MMIHS-related conditions.
Congenital peritoneal encapsulation
Congenital peritoneal encapsulation (CPE, ORPHA:697986) is a rare congenital malformation in which an accessory peritoneal membrane encases the small bowel; first described by Cleland in 1868, with about 45 reported cases, usually asymptomatic but a rare cause of small bowel obstruction.
Congenital short bowel syndrome
Congenital short bowel syndrome (CSBS) is a rare neonatal disorder with small bowel under 75 cm, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and failure to thrive. Caused mainly by CLMP (autosomal recessive) or FLNA (X-linked) mutations, usually with malrotation; 60% achieve enteral autonomy on parenteral nutrition weaning.
Congenital sodium diarrhea
Congenital sodium diarrhea (CSD, NHE3 deficiency) is a rare inherited enteropathy with intractable watery diarrhea from birth, high fecal sodium, hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis; genes SLC9A3, GUCY2C, SPINT2; under 50 cases reported.
Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID, genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive SI-gene disorder impairing sucrose and starch digestion, causing osmotic diarrhea, bloating, and failure to thrive, treated with diet and sacrosidase.
Congenital tufting enteropathy
Congenital tufting enteropathy, or intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a rare autosomal recessive infantile enteropathy causing intractable diarrhea, caused mainly by EPCAM mutations and SPINT2 in syndromic cases, requiring parenteral nutrition.
Constipation
Constipation: infrequent (under three weekly), hard, or painful bowel movements with incomplete emptying. Affects 10-15% of people; treated with fiber, fluids, exercise, then laxatives per AGA-ACG guidance.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease: chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the digestive tract, first described in 1932 as regional ileitis by Crohn, Ginzburg, and Oppenheimer; treated with biologics, immunomodulators, and surgery.
Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis
CMUSE (cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis), related to CNSU and CEAS, is an extremely rare small bowel disease causing multiple shallow ulcers and fibrous strictures, obstruction, and anemia; treated with steroids, often misdiagnosed as Crohn's disease.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also diarrhoea: passage of 3+ loose stools daily, from osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, or motility mechanisms. Treated with reduced-osmolarity ORS (245 mOsm/l) and zinc; still kills ~444,000 children under 5 yearly.
Dieulafoy's lesion
Dieulafoy's lesion, also called exulceratio simplex or caliber-persistent artery, is an abnormally large submucosal GI artery that erodes through mucosa and causes sudden severe bleeding, mostly near the gastroesophageal junction, treated endoscopically.
Disembowelment
Disembowelment (evisceration): protrusion of bowel or omentum through an abdominal wound, a laparotomy indication now selectively managed in stable patients, and historically an execution method and the samurai ritual seppuku.
Diversion colitis
Diversion colitis, also called diversion proctocolitis or disuse colitis, is inflammation of bowel excluded from the fecal stream after ostomy surgery; hallmark lymphoid follicular hyperplasia, SCFA deficiency hypothesis, treated by stoma reversal.
Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis, inflammation of colonic diverticula (pouches in the colon wall), causes acute lower left abdominal pain, fever, and nausea; treated with diet, selective antibiotics, and sometimes colectomy.
Diverticulitis of large intestine
Diverticulitis of large intestine (ICD-11 DC80) is inflammation of colonic diverticula, usually sigmoid, caused by diverticular perforation; mostly uncomplicated, managed selectively with antibiotics, CT-confirmed.
Diverticulitis of small intestine
Diverticulitis of small intestine (ICD-11 DC70, small bowel diverticulitis) is inflammation of small-intestine diverticula, mainly jejunal or duodenal, causing bleeding, perforation, abscess, or obstruction, diagnosed by CT.
Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis of large intestine (ICD-11 DC81, colonic diverticulosis): multiple pouches (diverticula) herniating through the colon wall, mostly sigmoid; over 30% of US adults 50-59 affected, usually asymptomatic, under 5% develop diverticulitis.
Diverticulosis of small intestine
Diverticulosis of the small intestine (small bowel diverticulosis, jejunoileal and duodenal diverticula): false pulsion outpouchings of mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis, found in about 2% of barium studies, usually asymptomatic but causing bleeding, diverticulitis, perforation, and obstruction.
Diverticulum
A diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is a saclike pouch of mucosa protruding from the wall of a tubular organ, most often the colon, where they are very common in older adults.
Diverticulum of small intestine
Diverticulum of small intestine (small bowel diverticulum, SBD): an outpouching of the small intestinal wall; Meckel's is the only true congenital form, acquired false diverticula affect duodenum, jejunum, ileum, causing bleeding, diverticulitis, perforation, obstruction.
Drug-induced colitis
Drug-induced colitis (ICD-11 DB33.43) is medication-caused inflammation or ulceration of the large intestine, from NSAIDs, PPIs, antibiotics, chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, mimicking IBD; stopping the drug is the key treatment.
Duodenal polyp
Duodenal polyp: mucosal or submucosal growth in the duodenum, found in 0.6–5% of upper endoscopies; adenomas (10–20%) are premalignant and removed endoscopically, with bleeding and perforation risks higher than in the colon.
Duodenal ulcer
A duodenal ulcer is a break in the lining of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, and a form of peptic ulcer disease.
Duodenal varices
Duodenal varices, also called duodenal varix, are ectopic portosystemic collateral veins in the duodenum from portal hypertension; rare (0.2-0.4% on endoscopy), prone to massive bleeding with up to 40% mortality, treated endoscopically or by TIPS/BRTO.
Duodenitis
Duodenitis is inflammation of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Main causes are H. pylori infection, excess stomach acid, and NSAID overuse; treated with antibiotics and acid reducers.