196 articles
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), also called abdominal cocoon or sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, is a rare fibrocollagenous encasement of the small intestine causing bowel obstruction, mainly after long-term peritoneal dialysis, with 25-55% adult mortality.
Encopresis
Encopresis (fecal incontinence, soiling) is involuntary stool passage in children past toilet-training age, usually overflow around constipation impaction; retentive vs non-retentive subtypes; treated with disimpaction, laxatives, and behavioral therapy.
Enteric anendocrinosis
Enteric anendocrinosis, or congenital malabsorptive diarrhea (OMIM 610370), is an extremely rare autosomal recessive NEUROG3 disorder causing absent intestinal enteroendocrine cells, neonatal osmotic diarrhea requiring parenteral nutrition, and variable diabetes.
Enteritis
Enteritis: inflammation of the small intestine, also called gastroenteritis or enterocolitis. Usually infectious from contaminated food or water; also caused by Crohn disease, NSAIDs, radiation. Symptoms resolve in days in healthy people; rehydration is key.
Eosinophilic colitis
Eosinophilic colitis, also called eosinophilic colitis (EoC), is a rare eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease with eosinophil-rich colon inflammation of no secondary cause, peaking in neonates and young adults.
Eosinophilic duodenitis
Eosinophilic duodenitis (EoD), also called eosinophilic enteritis of the duodenum, is a non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease with excess duodenal mucosal eosinophils; diagnosed by biopsy thresholds (about 30-50 eos/hpf) after excluding other causes.
Epiploic appendagitis
Epiploic appendagitis, inflammation of a colonic epiploic appendage from torsion or venous thrombosis, mimics diverticulitis and appendicitis; diagnosed by CT ring and dot signs, treated conservatively with NSAIDs.
Faecal incontinence
Faecal (fecal, bowel) incontinence is the recurrent involuntary passage of stool, affecting about 8% of adults worldwide, more often women and older people; managed first with diet, medication, and pelvic floor exercises.
Faecal smearing
Faecal smearing (便汚染), ICD-11 code ME07.0, is a specified subtype of faecal incontinence (ME07), classified alongside incomplete defaecation and faecal urgency, with encopresis excluded.
Faecal urgency
Faecal urgency, also called fecal urgency, is a sudden, compelling need to defecate that is difficult to defer, and a major risk factor for fecal incontinence.
Familial visceral myopathy
Familial visceral myopathy, also called hereditary hollow visceral myopathy (ORPHA:2604), is a rare autosomal dominant degeneration of gastrointestinal and urinary smooth muscle causing chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, megaduodenum, and megacystis, often linked to ACTG2 mutations.
Fecal impaction
Fecal impaction (fecaloma): a compacted fecal mass at any intestinal level that cannot be evacuated spontaneously, usually from chronic constipation in elderly or neuropsychiatric patients; treated with enemas, manual disimpaction, or polyethylene glycol lavage, and complicated by perforation, obstruction, stercoral ulcer, and urinary retention.
Fecal incontinence
Fecal incontinence, or accidental bowel leakage, is uncontrolled passage of stool, affecting about 7.7 percent of adults. Causes include sphincter damage, childbirth, and neurological disease; treatment is stepwise from diet and pelvic floor training to nerve stimulation and surgery.
First degree haemorrhoids
First degree haemorrhoids (grade I, ICD-11 DB60.0) are internal haemorrhoids that bulge into the anal canal and bleed but do not prolapse; treated first with fiber, fluids, and bowel-habit counseling, then office banding if refractory.
Fistula of appendix
Fistula of appendix (ICD-11 DB11.4): an abnormal communication between the vermiform appendix and a hollow viscus, vessels, or skin. Rare, 301 reported cases; commonest sites bladder and skin; commonest cause appendicitis.
Fistula of large intestine
A fistula of the large intestine is an abnormal tract connecting the colon to the skin, a neighboring organ, or another bowel segment, most often caused by diverticulitis.
Fistula of small intestine
A fistula of the small intestine is an abnormal connection between the small bowel and another surface, usually the skin, arising after surgery in 85 to 95% of cases.
Flatulence
Flatulence (flatus, farting) is passing intestinal gas through the rectum; normal at 8–14 times daily, caused by swallowed air and colonic bacterial fermentation, odor from sulfur compounds, managed by diet and low-FODMAP changes.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), a non-IgE-mediated food allergy of infants causing delayed vomiting and diarrhea, diagnosed clinically or by oral food challenge, resolving in 85% by age 5.
Foreign body in colon
Foreign body in colon (ICD-11 ND73.4): an object in the large intestine, swallowed or inserted. Mostly men (37:1), household objects 42.2%, rising US incidence, managed by observation, endoscopy, or stepwise surgery.
Foreign body in small intestine
Foreign body in small intestine (ICD-11 ND73.3): impaction or retention of a swallowed object, phytobezoar, or trichobezoar in the small bowel; 80-90% pass spontaneously, complications include obstruction, perforation, and sepsis.
Fructose malabsorption
Fructose malabsorption: incomplete small-intestinal absorption of free fructose via GLUT5, affecting up to half of people at 25 g loads; causes IBS-like symptoms, diagnosed by hydrogen breath test, managed with low-FODMAP diet; distinct from hereditary fructose intolerance.
Functional anorectal disorders
Functional anorectal disorders are chronic anorectal conditions not explained by structural disease, defined by the Rome IV criteria and classified as fecal incontinence, anorectal pain, and functional defecation disorders.
Functional anorectal pain
Functional anorectal pain (ICD-11 DD92.1) is pain of the rectum or anus without structural cause, classified by Rome IV as levator ani syndrome, unspecified functional anorectal pain, or proctalgia fugax.
Functional defaecation disorders
Functional defaecation disorders (FDDs, Rome IV category F3; ICD-11 DD92.2) are gut-brain interaction disorders with impaired rectal evacuation, subtypes inadequate defecatory propulsion and dyssynergic defecation, diagnosed by 2 of 3 physiological tests and treated with biofeedback.
Functional diarrhoea
Functional diarrhoea (FDr, ICD-11 DD91.2) is a gut-brain disorder of chronic loose or watery stools in over 25% of stools without predominant abdominal pain, distinguished from IBS-D and diagnosed with limited testing.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also called stomach flu, is inflammation of the stomach and intestinal lining causing vomiting and diarrhea. Main causes are viruses (norovirus, rotavirus), bacteria, and parasites; the chief danger is dehydration, treated with oral rehydration salts and zinc.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding, also called GI hemorrhage, is bleeding anywhere in the digestive tract, a symptom of conditions such as peptic ulcers, diverticular disease, varices, and cancer. Classified upper or lower GI, diagnosed by endoscopy, treated with endoscopic hemostasis, embolization, or surgery.
Gastrointestinal perforation
Gastrointestinal perforation, also called bowel or digestive tract perforation, is a full-thickness defect in a hollow GI organ leaking contents into the peritoneum, causing peritonitis; treated with resuscitation, antibiotics, and urgent surgery.
Glucose-galactose malabsorption
Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM, congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption, SGLT1 deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by SLC5A1 mutations, causing life-threatening neonatal watery diarrhea treated with a glucose-, galactose-, and lactose-free diet.