264 articles
Cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine (Periactin, glutodine), a first-generation H1-antihistamine approved 1961, also blocks 5-HT2A and muscarinic receptors; used for allergy, appetite stimulation, serotonin syndrome, and pediatric cyclic vomiting.
Desoximetasone
Desoximetasone (Topicort) is a synthetic fluorinated topical corticosteroid for psoriasis, eczema, and other dermatoses; US cream approved 1977, 0.25% spray 2013, class I–III potency.
Dexbrompheniramine
Dexbrompheniramine, also called D-brompheniramine or Disomer, is the dextrorotary stereoisomer of the alkylamine antihistamine brompheniramine; its maleate salt, first approved in 1963, treated hay fever and cold symptoms in products such as Drixoral.
Dexchlorpheniramine
Dexchlorpheniramine (Polaramine) is the S-enantiomer of chlorpheniramine, a first-generation sedating H1 antihistamine about twice as active as the racemate, used for allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and urticaria.
Dexibuprofen
Dexibuprofen, or S(+)-ibuprofen, is the active single-enantiomer form of the NSAID ibuprofen, used for pain, inflammation, and fever with a lower risk of adverse events than ibuprofen.
Dexketoprofen
Dexketoprofen, also called dexketoprofen trometamol (Keral), is the active S-(+) enantiomer of ketoprofen, an NSAID for mild to moderate pain; approved in Europe (oral 1998, injectable 2002) but not by the US FDA.
Dextromoramide
Dextromoramide (Palfium, Jetrium) is a synthetic methadone-related opioid analgesic, C25H32N2O2, more potent but shorter-acting than morphine; formerly used for severe pain, now DEA Schedule I and discontinued in Europe.
Dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene, a weak synthetic opioid analgesic (d-isomer of propoxyphene, co-proxamol with paracetamol), withdrawn from EU, US, and UK markets 2005-2010 over fatal overdose risk.
Dezocine
Dezocine (Dalgan) is a synthetic mixed agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic, a partial biased μ-receptor agonist and mixed κ agonist-antagonist with norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, used mainly in China for postoperative pain and unscheduled in the US.
Diclofenac
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sold under names including Voltaren, was introduced in 1973 and is the most widely prescribed NSAID worldwide for arthritis, migraine, and musculoskeletal injuries.
Difelikefalin
Difelikefalin (CR845; Korsuva, Kapruvia) is a synthetic peptide kappa-opioid receptor agonist, given IV 0.5 mcg/kg after hemodialysis three times weekly, approved in 2021 (US) and 2022 (EU) for moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in adults on hemodialysis.
Diflorasone diacetate
Diflorasone diacetate (Florone, Psorcon) is a synthetic 0.05% topical corticosteroid, first approved in 1977, used twice daily for corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses such as psoriasis and eczema; the ointment is rated very potent and the cream can suppress the HPA axis.
Diflunisal
Diflunisal, originally marketed as Dolobid, is a long-acting salicylic acid NSAID used for mild to moderate pain and arthritis, first approved in the United States in 1982.
Difluprednate
Difluprednate (Durezol) is a 0.05% ophthalmic corticosteroid emulsion, a difluorinated prednisolone derivative developed in Japan, FDA-approved in 2008 for post-ocular-surgery inflammation and pain and in 2012 for endogenous anterior uveitis.
Dihydrocodeine
Dihydrocodeine (DHC), a semisynthetic opioid derivative of codeine used for moderate to severe pain and cough, metabolized via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, with limited efficacy evidence and addiction and respiratory-depression risks.
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydroetorphine (二氢埃托啡, DHE), a Chinese-developed etorphine-family opioid agonist over 1,000 times stronger than morphine, approved 1991 for severe pain, later restricted for abuse and dependence.
Dimenhydrinate
Dimenhydrinate, sold as Dramamine and Gravol, is an over-the-counter medication combining the antihistamine diphenhydramine with 8-chlorotheophylline, best known for preventing and treating motion sickness and nausea since 1949.
Dimethindene
Dimethindene (dimetindene, dimethpyrindene; Fenistil, Forhistal) is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine developed by Ciba in the early 1960s, used topically and intranasally for pruritus, rhinitis, and allergic reactions.
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is a first-generation antihistamine developed by George Rieveschl and first marketed in 1946 by Parke-Davis. Used for allergy, motion sickness, and sleep aids; Beers Criteria advise avoiding it in older adults.
Diphenylpyraline
Diphenylpyraline (CAS 147-20-6, Hispril, Lergobine) is a first-generation piperidine sedating antihistamine, H1 antagonist with anticholinergic action, used for allergic rhinitis and pruritus; also a cocaine-like dopamine transporter inhibitor.
Doxylamine
Doxylamine (Decapryn, Unisom, Diclegis/Diclectin) is a first-generation ethanolamine H1 antihistamine, first approved in 1948, sold over the counter as a 25 mg sleep aid and combined with vitamin B6 to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Dyclonine
Dyclonine, marketed as Dyclone and DycloPro, is a ketone-class topical local anesthetic used to numb the mouth, throat, and airway, sold over the counter in Sucrets lozenges.
Ebastine
Ebastine is a non-sedating second-generation oral H1 antihistamine taken once daily, with or without food, for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, acting through its active metabolite carebastine.
Eletriptan
Eletriptan (Relpax) is an oral 5-HT1B/1D triptan for acute migraine in adults, US-approved 2002, dosed 20-40 mg (max 80 mg/day), CYP3A4-metabolized, ranked most effective triptan, added to WHO EML 2025.
Emedastine
Emedastine (Emadine) is a selective H1 antihistamine eye drop, 0.05% emedastine difumarate, for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis; FDA approved 1997 (discontinued), EU authorized 1999, used twice daily in adults and children 3+.
Enfenamic acid
Enfenamic acid (Tromaril) is an Indian-discovered fenamate NSAID analgesic, N-phenethylanthranilic acid, C15H15NO2, found in 1964 at CSIR-IICT Hyderabad, marketed by Unichem from 1981, then withdrawn.
Epinastine
Epinastine is a topical antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, formulated as a 0.5% ophthalmic solution, developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for the prevention of allergic conjunctivitis itching.
Etidocaine
Etidocaine (Duranest) is a long-acting amide local anesthetic, a lidocaine derivative similar to bupivacaine, with rapid onset, profound motor block, and 2-4 times lidocaine's potency; US-approved 1976, later discontinued.
Etodolac
Etodolac (Lodine) is a pyranocarboxylic acid NSAID approved in the US in 1991 for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute pain, distinguished by modest COX-2 selectivity and a relatively favorable gastrointestinal tolerability profile.
Etofesalamide
Etofesalamide (乙氧苯柳胺, trade name Aidite) is a Chinese Category 1 non-steroidal topical anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug approved for chronic eczema and neurodermatitis, marketed as a 5% ointment by Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical since 1997.