264 articles
Lodoxamide
Lodoxamide (lodoxamide tromethamine, Alomide) is a 0.1% topical ophthalmic mast cell stabilizer, dosed four times daily, for allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis; not FDA-approved for long-term use.
Loratadine
Loratadine (Claritin) is a second-generation, non-sedating oral H1 antihistamine for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria; developed by Schering-Plough, FDA-approved 1993, switched to OTC 10 mg in November 2002.
Lornoxicam
Lornoxicam (chlorotenoxicam; Xefo, Acabel) is a short half-life oxicam NSAID inhibiting COX-1/COX-2, dosed 8–16 mg daily for moderate to severe pain, osteoarthritis, and postoperative pain.
Loteprednol
Loteprednol (loteprednol etabonate; Lotemax, Alrex, Inveltys, Eysuvis, Zylet) is a soft, ester-based topical ophthalmic corticosteroid approved in 1998, rapidly metabolized to inactive metabolites, with lower intraocular pressure risk than prednisolone or dexamethasone.
Loxoprofen
Loxoprofen (Loxonin, ロキソニン) is a prodrug NSAID of the propionic acid class used mainly in Japan for pain and inflammation; its trans-alcohol metabolite nonselectively inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.
Lumiracoxib
Lumiracoxib, sold as Prexige, is a COX-2 selective NSAID developed by Novartis to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute pain. It was withdrawn worldwide in 2007 after serious liver injury.
Meclizine
Meclizine (meclozine), a first-generation piperazine antihistamine sold as Antivert, Bonamine, and Dramamine II, treats vertigo and motion sickness; FDA-approved since 1957, dosed 25-100 mg daily, metabolized by CYP2D6, causes drowsiness.
Medrysone
Medrysone (HMS) is a weak synthetic topical corticosteroid, 11β-hydroxy-6α-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, used as 1% ophthalmic suspension for allergic and vernal conjunctivitis and episcleritis, notable for minimal intraocular pressure elevation and discontinued US marketing.
Mefenamic acid
Mefenamic acid (Ponstel, Ponstan) is a fenamate NSAID, a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor introduced in the 1960s, used for mild to moderate pain and primary dysmenorrhea, limited to one week, with NSAID boxed warnings.
Meloxicam
Meloxicam, sold as Mobic and Metacam, is a long-acting oxicam NSAID that preferentially inhibits COX-2, used for arthritis in humans and for pain in dogs, cats, and horses.
Meptazinol
Meptazinol, sold as Meptid, is an opioid analgesic of the hexahydroazepine class used for short-term relief of moderate-to-severe pain such as postoperative and renal colic pain.
Mequinol
Mequinol (4-hydroxyanisole, hydroquinone monomethyl ether) is a topical depigmenting agent, prescribed as 2% solution with 0.01% tretinoin (Solagé, US approval 1999) to treat solar lentigines; a tyrosinase substrate less irritating than hydroquinone.
Methadone
Methadone, sold as Dolophine, is a long-acting synthetic opioid used for maintenance treatment of opioid addiction and for pain relief, on the WHO List of Essential Medicines.
Methadone maintenance therapy
Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) treats opioid dependence with a daily dose of methadone, a long-acting opioid agonist, preventing withdrawal and cravings while reducing illicit opioid use and death.
Methapyrilene
Methapyrilene (Thenylene, Co-Pyronil), an ethylenediamine first-generation H1 antihistamine used in OTC sleep aids like Sominex, withdrawn in 1979 as a potent rat liver carcinogen.
Methdilazine
Methdilazine (Tacaryl, Tacazyl) is a first-generation phenothiazine H1 antihistamine, C18H20N2S, ATC R06AD04, once FDA-classified effective for urticaria, hay fever, and pruritic dermatoses, now discontinued in the US.
Methocarbamol
Methocarbamol, sold as Robaxin, is a prescription skeletal muscle relaxant and CNS depressant, first approved in the United States in 1957, used for acute painful musculoskeletal conditions.
Methopholine
Methopholine (metofoline, Versidyne, Ro 4-1778/1) is a synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline opioid analgesic introduced in the USA in the early 1960s for mild to moderate pain and withdrawn by FDA in March 1965 over corneal opacities in dog toxicity studies.
Methotrexate and prednisone combination therapy
Methotrexate and prednisone combination therapy pairs methotrexate with prednisone so prednisone controls inflammatory symptoms while methotrexate builds its effect, used mainly in early rheumatoid arthritis and giant-cell arteritis.
Methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane (Penthrane, Penthrox, green whistle) is a volatile fluorinated hydrocarbon anesthetic introduced in 1960, withdrawn for anesthesia by the late 1970s over fluoride-mediated nephrotoxicity, and now used as a self-administered 3 mL inhaled analgesic in Australasia and Europe.
Mirogabalin
Mirogabalin (Tarlige, DS-5565) is a Daiichi Sankyo gabapentinoid α2δ calcium-channel ligand approved in Japan and other Asian countries for neuropathic pain, with slower α2δ-1 dissociation than pregabalin.
Mizolastine
Mizolastine (Mizollen, Mizolastin) is a second-generation benzimidazole H1 antihistamine, 10 mg once daily for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, approved in Europe in 1998, with no demonstrated QTc prolongation but updosing not recommended.
Mofezolac
Mofezolac (Disopain, N-22) is a diarylisoxazole NSAID and selective, time-dependent COX-1 inhibitor (IC50 0.0079 μM) marketed in Japan since 1994 for lumbago, cervicobrachial syndrome, and post-operative or post-extraction pain.
MORFICUS trial
MORFICUS (MORphine use in the Fascia Iliaca Compartment block with UltraSound guidance), EudraCT 2016-004698-42, a Dutch Phase IV randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of ultrasound-guided levobupivacaine fascia iliaca block versus placebo for preoperative morphine consumption in 120 ED patients with proximal femur fracture.
Morphine
Morphine, the principal opium poppy alkaloid isolated by Sertürner in 1803, is a mu-opioid receptor agonist and WHO essential medicine for severe pain, with major global access disparities and addiction risks.
Mufemilast
Mufemilast (Hemay005), pronounced myoo-FEM-i-last, is an oral nonselective PDE4 inhibitor by Hemay Pharmaceutical, NMPA-approved in 2025 for plaque psoriasis, with trials in Behçet's, ulcerative colitis, and atopic dermatitis.
Nabumetone
Nabumetone (Relafen) is a nonacidic naphthylalkanone NSAID prodrug for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, converted hepatically to active 6MNA with a 24-hour half-life, allowing once-daily dosing.
Nalbuphine
Nalbuphine (NUBAIN) is a synthetic kappa-agonist, mu-antagonist opioid analgesic synthesized in 1965 and FDA-approved in 1979. Morphine-equivalent potency up to 30 mg, ceiling on respiratory depression, DEA Schedule None, boxed warning for addiction and respiratory risk.
Nalfurafine
Nalfurafine (TRK-820, Remitch) is a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist antipruritic by Toray Industries, approved in Japan 2009 and later South Korea and China for refractory dialysis and chronic liver disease itch; EMA application withdrawn 2014.
Naproxcinod
Naproxcinod (AZD3582, HCT 3012, Beprana) is a naproxen-nitric oxide donor hybrid, the first CINOD drug. It matched naproxen in osteoarthritis trials with better blood pressure effects but was rejected by the FDA in 2010 and its EMA application withdrawn in 2011.