317 articles
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653)
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653, 考格列汀, brand 倍长平) is Haisco's ultralong-acting oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, dosed 10 mg once every two weeks; approved in China June 2024, half-life 131.5 h, non-inferior to daily linagliptin.
Colestipol hydrochloride
Colestipol hydrochloride, sold as Colestid, is a bile acid sequestrant resin that binds bile acids in the intestine to lower LDL cholesterol, first FDA approved in 1977.
Colestyramine
Colestyramine (cholestyramine, Questran) is a nonabsorbable anion-exchange resin bile acid sequestrant used for hypercholesterolemia, cholestatic pruritus, and bile acid diarrhea; developed at Merck in the late 1950s, it lowers LDL-C about 10-25% and requires separated dosing from other drugs.
Conivaptan
Conivaptan (Vaprisol, YM087) is an intravenous nonpeptide dual V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA in 2005 for euvolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients; aquaretic, CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor, common infusion site reactions.
Conveglipron (卡维列隆)
Conveglipron (卡维列隆, HDM1002) is Huadong Medicine's oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor full agonist for weight management and type 2 diabetes; its Chinese phase 3 trial showed 12.2% weight loss at 52 weeks with 400 mg once daily.
Corifollitropin alfa
Corifollitropin alfa (Elonva) is a long-acting recombinant FSH analogue with an hCG C-terminal peptide fusion, half-life about 70 hours; one injection replaces seven daily FSH injections in IVF ovarian stimulation; EU-approved 2010, not FDA-approved.
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide (Cortrophin-Zinc) is a long-acting injectable porcine ACTH-zinc hydroxide suspension, 40 USP units/mL, FDA-approved since 1955 for adrenocortical diagnostic testing and limited corticosteroid-responsive uses.
Cortivazol
Cortivazol (ALTIM) is a French-marketed pyrazolosteroid glucocorticoid, ATC H02AB17, given by intra-articular, periarticular, soft-tissue, and epidural injection; it is glucocorticoid receptor-specific, regulates genes distinct from dexamethasone, and suppresses the HPA axis after local injection.
Dalcetrapib
Dalcetrapib (RO4607381, JTT-705) is a CETP modulator that raises HDL cholesterol about 30% with minimal LDL effect; its phase 3 dal-OUTCOMES trial failed for futility, and development continues only for ADCY9 AA-genotype patients.
Dapagliflozin
Dapagliflozin, sold as Farxiga and Forxiga, is an SGLT2 inhibitor drug for type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, first approved in 2014.
Dbpr-108
DBPR108 (prusogliptin) is a once-daily DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, developed by Taiwan's NHRI and approved by China's NMPA in January 2025; phase 3 trials showed HbA1c reductions of about 0.6-0.7%, non-inferior to sitagliptin.
Desidustat
Desidustat (Oxemia) is an oral HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor for anemia in chronic kidney disease, developed by Zydus Lifesciences and first approved in India in 2022.
Desmopressin
Desmopressin (DDAVP, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin), synthetic V2-agonist analog of vasopressin synthesized 1967; treats central diabetes insipidus, enuresis, nocturia, and bleeding disorders; main risk hyponatremia.
Desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, deoxycorticosterone acetate) is a synthetic mineralocorticoid ester synthesized in 1937, introduced as an oily injection for Addison's disease in 1939, later superseded by fludrocortisone.
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone: potent synthetic glucocorticoid (Decadron), ATC H02AB02, 0.75 mg equals 5 mg prednisone; RECOVERY trial 6 mg daily cut COVID-19 mortality in oxygen-requiring patients; WHO-recommended for severe COVID-19.
Dextrothyroxine
Dextrothyroxine (D-thyroxine, Choloxin) is the D-enantiomer of thyroxine, an antihyperlipidemic approved in 1967 and withdrawn after the Coronary Drug Project showed excess deaths in its dextrothyroxine arm.
Dienestrol
Dienestrol (dienoestrol, Estraguard, Ortho Dienestrol), synthetic non-steroidal stilbestrol estrogen, C18H18O2, CAS 84-17-3, prepared by Dodds in 1938; used as 0.01% vaginal cream for atrophic vaginitis; FDA-approved 1947, later discontinued.
Dienogest
Dienogest (Visanne) is a fourth-generation progestin, 2 mg daily oral therapy for endometriosis pain, first approved in Japan in 2008; also used with estradiol in contraceptives like Natazia, with irregular bleeding as its main side effect.
Dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol (DHT, A.T. 10) is a half-synthetic vitamin D analog from ergosterol, introduced in 1933 for hypoparathyroidism; it needs no renal hydroxylation and is no longer sold in the US.
Dorzagliatin
Dorzagliatin (HuaTangNing, 华堂宁) is an oral dual-acting glucokinase activator by Hua Medicine for type 2 diabetes, approved in China in 2022 as the first marketed GKA, dosed 75 mg twice daily.
Dotinurad
Dotinurad (ドチヌラド, Urece/Yurisu) is a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor blocking URAT1, approved in Japan 2020 and China 2024 for gout and hyperuricemia; 4 mg/day beat febuxostat 40 mg in a phase 3 trial.
Doxercalciferol
Doxercalciferol (Hectorol) is a synthetic vitamin D2 analog prohormone activated hepatically by CYP27, used to suppress PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism of stage 3-4 CKD and dialysis patients; US approved 1999, oral and injectable forms.
DRL-17822
DRL-17822 (CAS 898911-09-6) is an oral, selective cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor from Dr. Reddy's Laboratories for dyslipidemia; it raised HDL-C 51-111% in Phase I, reached Phase II (NCT01388816), and was never approved.
Dulaglutide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Eli Lilly's once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist injection for type 2 diabetes, approved in 2014; REWIND trial showed 12% fewer major cardiovascular events (HR 0.88) with boxed thyroid C-cell tumor warning.
Dutogliptin
Dutogliptin (PHX1149), a Phenomix DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes; oral phase 3 program terminated, now a Recardio subcutaneous formulation for post-myocardial-infarction therapy.
ECC4703
ECC4703 (ECC-4703) is Eccogene's oral, liver-targeting THR-β full agonist in Phase IIa trials for MASH (MOSAIC, with ECC0509) and as a semaglutide adjunct for obesity (MIST); IND approved 2022.
ECC5004 / AZD5004 (oral GLP-1 receptor agonist)
ECC5004/AZD5004 (elecoglipron) is an oral, once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discovered by Eccogene and licensed to AstraZeneca in 2023 for $185 million upfront, in Phase 3 development for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Ecnoglutide
Ecnoglutide (XW003/XW004) is a once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist from Sciwind Biosciences, first approved in China in January 2026 for type 2 diabetes, with obesity trials and an oral formulation in development.
Efpeglenatide
Efpeglenatide (에페글레나타이드, HM11260C) is Hanmi's once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, an exendin-4-IgG4 Fc fusion. AMPLITUDE-O cut MACE 27% in type 2 diabetes; approved in Korea 2026 for obesity.
Efsubaglutide alfa injection
Efsubaglutide alfa (依苏帕格鲁肽α, Yi Nuo Qing) is Innogen Pharmaceuticals' human GLP-1/IgG2 Fc fusion GLP-1RA with a 204-hour half-life, approved in China in January 2025 for adult type 2 diabetes.