317 articles
Elafibranor
Elafibranor (GFT505, Iqirvo) is a dual PPAR-alpha/delta agonist approved in 2024 for primary biliary cholangitis after UDCA failure; its NASH program was discontinued after phase 3 failure.
Eldecalcitol
Eldecalcitol (ED-71, Edirol) is a Japanese-approved 0.75 μg/day oral vitamin D3 analog for osteoporosis that lowers vertebral fracture risk and raises BMD more than alfacalcidol, with hypercalciuria as its main safety signal.
Elinzanetant
Elinzanetant (Lynkuet) is Bayer's nonhormonal dual NK1/NK3 receptor antagonist for moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes; FDA-approved October 24, 2025 and EU-approved November 17, 2025, including breast cancer endocrine-therapy symptoms.
Encaleret
Encaleret (CLTX-305, JTT-305) is an oral calcilytic, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor, developed by BridgeBio's Calcilytix for autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, with positive Phase 3 CALIBRATE results, an FDA NDA filed, and Phase 3 testing in chronic hypoparathyroidism.
Enclomiphene
Enclomiphene citrate (Androxal) is the trans isomer of clomiphene, a SERM that raises LH, FSH, and endogenous testosterone in secondary male hypogonadism while preserving sperm counts; it lacks FDA and EMA approval.
Epalrestat
Epalrestat (エパルレスタット), brand Kinedak, is an oral aldose reductase inhibitor developed by Ono Pharmaceutical for diabetic peripheral neuropathy; approved in Japan in 1992, it is the only marketed ARI, used in Japan, India, and China.
Epinephrine (medication)
Epinephrine (adrenaline), injectable nonselective alpha/beta adrenergic agonist for anaphylaxis, septic shock hypotension, and intraocular mydriasis; first hormone isolated (1901, Takamine) and synthesized (1904, Stolz).
Eprotirome
Eprotirome (KB2115), a liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor beta agonist from Karo Bio, lowered LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and Lp(a) in trials but was abandoned after canine cartilage damage and liver injury ended its phase 3 AKKA trial.
Estetrol anhydrous
Estetrol anhydrous (E4), a plant-derived synthetic copy of the fetal-liver estrogen of pregnancy; estrogen receptor agonist used in Nextstellis/Drovelis combined pills, FDA-approved April 15, 2021.
Etelcalcetide
Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv) is an intravenous second-generation calcimimetic peptide, a direct calcium-sensing receptor agonist given three times weekly after hemodialysis to lower PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism; more potent than cinacalcet but with greater hypocalcemia risk.
Ethisterone
Ethisterone (pregneninolone, 17α-ethynyltestosterone), C21H28O2, CAS 434-03-7: the first orally active progestin, synthesized by Inhoffen and Hohlweg at Schering in 1938, marketed as Proluton C; androgenic, superseded by norethisterone.
Ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol (19-norpregna-4-en-17α-ol), brand Maxibolin, is a synthetic anabolic steroid and 19-nortestosterone prodrug metabolized to norethandrolone. FDA-approved in 1964, discontinued for humans; veterinary use only in Australia and New Zealand; WADA-prohibited.
Ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol diacetate (CAS 62H10A1236) is a first-generation synthetic progestin oral contraceptive pro-drug of norethindrone, used at 1 mg with estrogen or 0.5 mg alone (Femulen), first marketed 1965 to 1966.
Evacetrapib
Evacetrapib (LY2484595) is Eli Lilly's potent CETP inhibitor that raised HDL cholesterol 133% and lowered LDL 31% yet showed no cardiovascular benefit in the 12,092-patient ACCELERATE trial, which was stopped early for futility in 2015.
Evocalcet
Evocalcet (KHK7580, MT-4580; brand Orkedia) is an oral calcimimetic, a calcium-sensing receptor positive allosteric modulator approved in Japan in 2018 for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients, noninferior to cinacalcet with fewer gastrointestinal adverse events.
Evogliptin
Evogliptin (Suganon, DA-1229), a Dong-A ST oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes; first approved South Korea October 2015, 5 mg once daily, also approved with metformin in India.
Ezetimibe
Ezetimibe (Zetia, Ezetrol) is a non-statin cholesterol absorption inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2002. It lowers LDL-C about 25% with statins, modestly reduces cardiovascular events (IMPROVE-IT), and is a guideline-recommended statin add-on.
Fasiglifam
Fasiglifam (TAK-875) is a Takeda GPR40/FFAR1 partial agonist for type 2 diabetes that lowered HbA1c with low hypoglycemia risk but was terminated in December 2013 during phase III trials due to drug-induced liver injury.
Fenofibrate
Fenofibrate, a PPARα-agonist fibrate prodrug of fenofibric acid, treats severe hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥500 mg/dL) and primary hyperlipidemia; it lowers triglycerides 30–50% but did not reduce cardiovascular events in FIELD or ACCORD-Lipid.
Fenofibric acid
Fenofibric acid, active moiety of fenofibrate and a PPAR-alpha fibrate; marketed as Trilipix (2008) and Fibricor; adjunct to diet for hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, often with statins.
Fermagate
Fermagate (iron-magnesium hydroxycarbonate, ALPHAREN) is an investigational calcium-free oral phosphate binder with a hydrotalcite structure, developed by Ineos Healthcare for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis; phase 2 trials showed dose-dependent phosphate lowering, but phase 3 was stopped and it was never approved.
Ferric pyrophosphate
Ferric pyrophosphate (iron(III) diphosphate, Fe4(P2O7)3·xH2O, CAS 10058-44-3) is a water-insoluble iron salt used as a food iron fortificant, parenteral iron drug (ferric pyrophosphate citrate, FDA 2015), and EU low-risk molluscicide (2020/1018).
FLOW trial (NCT03819153)
FLOW (NCT03819153), the Evaluate Renal Function With Semaglutide Once Weekly trial, was Novo Nordisk's phase 3 trial of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg in 3,533 people with type 2 diabetes and CKD; stopped early after a 24% reduction in kidney outcomes.
Fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin, FXM) is a synthetic 17-alpha-alkylated androgenic anabolic steroid, first FDA-approved in 1956 and now discontinued, used orally for male hypogonadism, delayed puberty, and palliative treatment of inoperable metastatic breast cancer.
Fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone (6α-fluoroprednisolone, Alphadrol) is a synthetic fluorinated glucocorticoid, C21H27FO5, about 2.5 times as potent as prednisolone; FDA-approved 1982, now discontinued.
Follitropin alfa
Follitropin alfa, marketed as GONAL-f, is a recombinant form of human follicle-stimulating hormone used to stimulate ovarian follicle growth in fertility treatment and sperm production in men.
Fosun Yaopharma oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist (licensed to Pfizer)
YP05002, Fosun Yaopharma's oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist, is an experimental once-daily pill for weight management developed by YaoPharma, a Fosun Pharma subsidiary, and licensed exclusively to Pfizer in December 2025.
Fotagliptin benzoate (SAL067)
Fotagliptin benzoate (SAL067, FCN-005; trade name Xinliting, 信立汀) is a Chinese Category 1 DPP-4 inhibitor approved by NMPA in June 2024 for adult type 2 diabetes, dosed 12 mg once daily alone or with metformin, with compound patent to 2030.
Ganirelix
Ganirelix (Antagon, FYREMADEL) is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist, 250 mcg subcutaneous daily, FDA-approved July 29, 1999 as the first GnRH antagonist, to prevent premature LH surges during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF.
Gemfibrozil
Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is a fibrate, PPAR-alpha agonist lipid-lowering drug introduced by Parke-Davis that lowers triglycerides and raises HDL; now discouraged with statins because it inhibits statin glucuronidation, raising myopathy risk, with fenofibrate preferred.