317 articles
Insulin detemir
Insulin detemir (Levemir, Novo Nordisk) is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, FDA approved 2005, acylated with a C14 myristic fatty acid for albumin binding, dosed once or twice daily for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Insulin glulisine
Insulin glulisine (Apidra, Sanofi) is a rapid-acting insulin analogue, 3B Lys-29B Glu-human insulin made in E. coli, FDA-approved April 16, 2004 for subcutaneous, pump, and intravenous use in diabetes.
Insulin peglispro
Insulin peglispro (BIL, LY2605541) was Eli Lilly's investigational PEGylated basal insulin lispro with hepato-preferential action, showing superior HbA1c reduction and less nocturnal hypoglycemia than glargine in the IMAGINE trials, but development was discontinued in December 2015 over liver fat changes.
Insulin titration
Insulin titration is the stepwise adjustment of insulin doses against measured blood glucose values until fasting glucose or HbA1c targets are reached without hypoglycemia, applying to basal, prandial, and premixed regimens in diabetes.
Insulin, neutral
Insulin, neutral (neutral regular or soluble insulin) is short-acting insulin formulated as a clear solution at neutral pH, unlike early acidic preparations. Known as regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R, Insuman Rapid), it acts in 30-60 minutes, peaks at 2-4 hours, and lasts 6-8 hours.
Intensive insulin therapy
Intensive insulin therapy is a diabetes regimen of three or more daily insulin injections or pump therapy with frequent glucose monitoring, the standard of care in type 1 diabetes.
Intravenous iron therapy
Intravenous iron therapy delivers elemental iron into a vein as iron–carbohydrate nanoparticles, rapidly replenishing iron stores when oral iron is slow, poorly absorbed in inflammation, or causes gastrointestinal side effects.
Ipragliflozin
Ipragliflozin (ASP1941, Suglat) is a selective SGLT2 inhibitor for type 2 and type 1 diabetes, first approved in Japan in January 2014; dosing 50-100 mg once daily, glucose excreted in urine.
Janagliflozin
Janagliflozin (脯氨酸加格列净片, brand Huiyoujing) is a Chinese Class 1 SGLT2 inhibitor tablet by Huisheng Biopharm (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), approved 16 January 2024 for type 2 diabetes; second domestic SGLT2 inhibitor, once-daily 25 or 50 mg, HbA1c reduction up to 1.4%, listed in China's 2025 medical insurance catalog.
Kunxinning granules
Kunxinning granules (坤心宁颗粒, formerly Kunyining) is a Chinese medicine class 1.1 innovative drug approved in China in November 2021, held by Tasly, for menopausal syndrome of the kidney yin-yang deficiency pattern, distinct from Kunning granules.
Kylo-11
Kylo-11 (LPA siRNA, MVIP platform, Hygieia/Sino Biopharmaceutical) is a non-canonical dual-GalNAc siRNA lowering lipoprotein(a); phase 1 showed up to 97% reduction at 48 weeks after one dose, phase 2 ongoing.
Ladarixin
Ladarixin (DF2156A) is Dompé's oral dual allosteric CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitor tested for new-onset type 1 diabetes, where phase 2 missed its C-peptide endpoint and the phase 3 NCT04628481 was terminated for futility; an NSCLC combination trial was withdrawn.
Lanifibranor
Lanifibranor (IVA337) is Inventiva's investigational oral pan-PPAR agonist for MASH/NASH; positive Phase 2b NATIVE trial, FDA Breakthrough Therapy status, Phase 3 NATiV3 readout expected Q4 2026.
Lanreotide
Lanreotide (Somatuline Depot/Autogel) is a long-acting octapeptide somatostatin analog by Ipsen, injected deep subcutaneously every 4 weeks. It treats acromegaly, unresectable GEP-NETs, and carcinoid syndrome via SSTR2/SSTR5, prolonging progression-free survival in the CLARINET trial.
Leriglitazone
Leriglitazone (MIN-102), marketed as Nezglyal, is a brain-penetrant selective PPARγ agonist and pioglitazone metabolite by Minoryx; EU-approved in 2026 as the first drug for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy in boys aged 2-12.
Lerodalcibep
Lerodalcibep (Lerochol, lerodalcibep-liga; EU name Lyrokaul) is a third-generation PCSK9 inhibitor fusion protein (adnectin plus albumin) by LIB Therapeutics, dosed 300 mg subcutaneously monthly, FDA-approved 2025 for hypercholesterolemia including HeFH.
Leuprorelin
Leuprorelin is a synthetic GnRH analog that suppresses sex hormones. Approved by the FDA in 1985, it is used to treat prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and precocious puberty.
Levoketoconazole
Levoketoconazole (Recorlev) is the 2S,4R enantiomer of ketoconazole, an oral cortisol synthesis inhibitor approved by FDA on December 30, 2021 for endogenous hypercortisolemia in adults with Cushing's syndrome, with boxed warnings for hepatotoxicity and QT prolongation.
Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine (synthetic T4, L-thyroxine) is the first-line drug for hypothyroidism and a top-ten prescribed medicine worldwide; a narrow-therapeutic-index prodrug converted to T3, taken fasting, dosed ~1.6 mcg/kg/day by TSH.
Lifibrol
Lifibrol (K 12.148, CAS 96609-16-4), an investigational phenoxy-acid lipid-lowering drug for hypercholesterolemia that lowers LDL cholesterol over 40% by enhancing LDL-receptor activity through a mechanism distinct from statins and fibrates; reached Phase 3 but was never marketed.
Linagliptin
Linagliptin (Trajenta, Tradjenta) is a DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, 5 mg once daily, eliminated mainly in faeces via bile, needing no dose adjustment in renal or hepatic impairment; CARMELINA and CAROLINA showed cardiovascular noninferiority.
Linzagolix
Linzagolix, marketed in Europe as Yselty, is an oral GnRH receptor antagonist, authorized in 2022 to treat uterine fibroids and endometriosis by lowering estrogen and progesterone.
Liothyronine
Liothyronine (L-T3, Cytomel) is the synthetic sodium salt of triiodothyronine, the active thyroid hormone, approved in 1956 for hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer TSH suppression, and suppression testing.
Liraglutide
Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist by Novo Nordisk for type 2 diabetes (up to 1.8 mg) and obesity (3.0 mg), with LEADER cardiovascular benefit, thyroid C-cell tumor boxed warning, and first generics approved in 2025.
Lixisenatide
Lixisenatide (Lyxumia, Adlyxin; AVE0010) is a short-acting once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist by Sanofi for type 2 diabetes, also fixed-ratio combined with insulin glargine as Soliqua 100/33; ELIXA showed neutral cardiovascular outcomes.
Lobeglitazone
Lobeglitazone (CKD-501, Duvie) is a thiazolidinedione PPAR-gamma agonist for type 2 diabetes, developed by Chong Kun Dang, approved in Korea 2013 and India, dosed 0.5 mg daily, with 12-fold higher PPARγ affinity than pioglitazone.
Lomitapide
Lomitapide (Juxtapid, Lojuxta) is an oral microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor approved in 2012 as adjunct LDL-C-lowering therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; LDLR-independent, with GI and hepatic steatosis risks.
Lovastatin
Lovastatin (Mevacor, mevinolin, monacolin K) is a fungal-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from Aspergillus terreus, the first FDA-approved statin (September 1987), lowering LDL cholesterol about 40% at 80 mg daily.
Lucerastat
Lucerastat (ACT-434964, N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin) is Idorsia's oral glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, a substrate reduction therapy for Fabry disease; its Phase 3 MODIFY trial missed the neuropathic pain endpoint but lowered Gb3 biomarkers, and it is not yet approved.
Lugol's iodine
Lugol's iodine, also called Lugol's solution, is an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide developed in 1829 by Jean Lugol, used to lower thyroid hormone levels in Graves' disease.