Antipsychotics and movement disorder drugs

Acetophenazine

Acetophenazine (Tindal, Tindal Maleate) is a discontinued piperazine-substituted phenothiazine antipsychotic, ATC N05AB07, first approved in 1961 by Schering, acting as a D1/D2 receptor blocker.

Akathisia: drug-induced movement disorder with inner restlessness and compulsive movement, mainly from antipsychotics; assessed with the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale; treated with mirtazapine, propranolol, biperiden, or vitamin B6.

Amisulpride

Amisulpride (Solian), a substituted benzamide atypical antipsychotic, selective D2/D3 antagonist developed in France; treats schizophrenia at 50-1200 mg/day in 50+ countries, and IV 5 mg Barhemsys treats postoperative nausea in the US.

Antipsychotic

Antipsychotic is a class of psychiatric medications used for psychosis, severe agitation, and schizophrenia. These drugs are classified as typical or atypical based on their generation.](https://example.com)

Arbaclofen

Arbaclofen (R-baclofen, STX209) is the active R-enantiomer of baclofen, a GABA-B receptor agonist trialed for social avoidance in fragile X syndrome and autism; phase 2 and 3 trials missed primary endpoints.

Aripiprazole

Aripiprazole (Abilify), an atypical antipsychotic and first dopamine D2 partial agonist, FDA-approved 2002 for schizophrenia; also treats bipolar mania, adjunctive depression, autism irritability, and Tourette's disorder.

Asenapine

Asenapine (Saphris, Sycrest, Secuado) is a tetracyclic atypical antipsychotic given sublingually or transdermally for schizophrenia and bipolar I mania; FDA-approved August 2009, with 35% sublingual bioavailability and less weight gain than olanzapine.

Atypical antipsychotic

Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics, led by clozapine (US launch 1990), treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with fewer movement side effects than typical drugs; notable agents include risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole.

Baclofen

Baclofen (Lioresal, FLEQSUVY, GABLOFEN) is a GABAB agonist muscle relaxant synthesized in 1962, FDA-approved in 1977 for spasticity from multiple sclerosis and spinal cord lesions, given orally or intrathecally, with boxed withdrawal warnings.

Benperidol

Benperidol (R-4584, Anquil, Glianimon) is a potent butyrophenone antipsychotic, a selective D2 antagonist marketed since 1966, used for schizophrenia in a few European countries and in the UK for deviant sexual behavior, with almost no randomized efficacy evidence.

Benzatropine

Benzatropine (benztropine, Cogentin) is a synthetic anticholinergic and antihistaminic mesylate drug, an adjunct for all forms of parkinsonism and neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal disorders except tardive dyskinesia, dosed 0.5 to 6 mg daily.

Bifeprunox

Bifeprunox (DU 127090), an unapproved dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A partial agonist antipsychotic for schizophrenia; FDA rejected it in 2007 and Solvay-Lundbeck stopped development in 2009.

Biperiden

Biperiden (Akineton) is a centrally acting, M1-selective antimuscarinic drug used for parkinsonism, neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms, and as a cognitive challenge model in research; typical oral dose 2 mg 1-3 times daily.

Bitopertin

Bitopertin (DISC-1459, RG1678), an oral GlyT1 inhibitor developed by Roche for schizophrenia and licensed to Disc Medicine, lowers protoporphyrin IX in erythropoietic protoporphyria; FDA issued a complete response letter in February 2026.

Blonanserin

Blonanserin (Lonasen) is an atypical antipsychotic antagonist at dopamine D2/D3 and 5-HT2A receptors, approved for schizophrenia in Japan, South Korea, India, and China as tablets and a transdermal patch.

Brexpiprazole

Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) is an Otsuka atypical antipsychotic, a D2 and 5-HT1A partial agonist, approved in the US in 2015 for schizophrenia and adjunctive MDD, in 2021 for adolescents, and in 2023 for Alzheimer's agitation.

Bromperidol

Bromperidol (R-11333, Impromen) is a first-generation butyrophenone antipsychotic, a bromine analog of haloperidol acting on dopamine D2 receptors, used for schizophrenia in parts of Europe and Japan.

Cariprazine

Cariprazine (Vraylar, Reagila) is an atypical antipsychotic, a D3-preferring D3/D2 partial agonist with active metabolite DDCAR (half-life 1–3 weeks), approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I mania and depression, and adjunctive MDD.

Carphenazine

Carphenazine (carfenazine), a piperazine phenothiazine antipsychotic (C24H31N3O2S, CAS 2622-30-2), was used orally for schizophrenia in hospitalized patients, marketed as Proketazine maleate; now discontinued, targeting DRD2, HTR2A, HTR2C.

Centbutindole (bripurone)

Centbutindole, also called biriperone or buriperone, is a butyrophenone-class antipsychotic synthesized in 1973 at CSIR-CDRI Lucknow, licensed to Chemosyn Mumbai in 1987, and trialed in India against haloperidol, trifluoperazine, and risperidone.

Changma Xifeng granules

Changma Xifeng granules (菖麻熄风颗粒), a Class 2.2 improved Chinese medicine by Heilongjiang Jiren Pharmaceutical approved in 2025 for mild-to-moderate pediatric tic disorder of the liver wind with phlegm pattern; granule form of Changma Xifeng tablets.

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Chlorphenesin carbamate (Maolate, Rinlaxer; CAS 886-74-8) is the carbamate ester of chlorphenesin, a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant for painful muscle spasm, FDA-approved in 1965 and still used in veterinary medicine.

Chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene (Taractan, Truxal) is a low-potency first-generation thioxanthene antipsychotic first marketed in 1959 by Lundbeck, a sedative D2 antagonist with 5-HT2C, H1 and M3 affinity, still used in Europe.

Clomacran

Clomacran (SKF-14336; brands Devryl, Olaxin) is a non-phenothiazine tricyclic acridine antipsychotic developed by Smith Kline & French, used in 1970s schizophrenia trials and later withdrawn, with hepatotoxicity cited.

Clozapine

Clozapine (Clozaril, Versacloz) is the first atypical antipsychotic, the standard treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and recurrent suicidality, requiring ANC blood monitoring; its US REMS was eliminated in June 2025.

Cycrimine

Cycrimine (Pagitane) is a discontinued synthetic piperidine central anticholinergic, a muscarinic M1 antagonist once marketed by Eli Lilly as 1.25 and 2.5 mg tablets for Parkinson's disease.

Deliriant

Deliriants are hallucinogenic drugs, mainly anticholinergic tropane alkaloids like atropine and scopolamine from Datura and other nightshades, that cause delirium by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, producing the anticholinergic toxidrome.

Dopamine agonist

Dopamine agonist: drug mimicking dopamine at dopamine receptors; includes ergoline (bromocriptine, cabergoline) and non-ergoline (pramipexole, ropinirole) agents; used in Parkinson's disease, RLS, and prolactinoma; risks include impulse control disorders and augmentation.

Dopamine antagonist

A dopamine antagonist, also called an antidopaminergic or dopamine receptor antagonist, is a drug that blocks dopamine by binding to its receptors without activating them, including antipsychotics and antiemetics.