88 articles
Dyskinesia
Dyskinesia: involuntary abnormal movements, chiefly tardive dyskinesia from dopamine receptor blocking agents (24–32% with older antipsychotics) and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease; treated with VMAT2 inhibitors valbenazine and deutetrabenazine.
Eperisone
Eperisone (エペリゾン) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant and analgesic launched in Japan in 1983 by Eisai, used for muscle tone disorders and spastic paralysis; in 2024 it was identified as a potent P2X7 receptor antagonist.
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are drug-induced movement disorders from dopamine D2-blocking antipsychotics: acute dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia, managed by dose reduction, anticholinergics, or VMAT2 inhibitors.
Fluspirilene
Fluspirilene, marketed as Imap and Redeptin, is a long-acting injectable antipsychotic of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class used to treat chronic schizophrenia, given weekly by intramuscular injection.
Haloperidol
Haloperidol (Haldol), a butyrophenone typical antipsychotic synthesized at Janssen in Belgium on 11 February 1958 as R-1625, acts via dopamine D2 blockade; WHO essential medicine since 1977 for psychosis, with EPS and QT risks.
HS-10380
HS-10380 (Obuprazine, TRTL-107) is Hansoh Pharma's oral D2/D3 and 5-HT1A partial agonist, 5-HT2A antagonist antipsychotic for schizophrenia; Phase 2b showed PANSS gains versus placebo and aripiprazole, now in Phase 3.
Iloperidone
Iloperidone (Fanapt), an atypical antipsychotic with D2/5-HT2A antagonism, FDA-approved in 2009 for schizophrenia and bipolar I mania; slow titration, QTc prolongation, low EPS and metabolic effects; EMA refused it in 2026.
Levomepromazine
Levomepromazine, also known as methotrimeprazine and sold under names including Nozinan, is a phenothiazine antipsychotic developed by Rhône-Poulenc by the late 1950s, used in psychiatry and palliative care.
Loxapine
Loxapine (Adasuve, loxapine succinate) is a dibenzoxazepine antipsychotic approved since 1975 for schizophrenia and since 2012 as a single-breath inhaled powder for acute agitation in schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder.
Lumateperone
Lumateperone (Caplyta, ITI-007) is an atypical antipsychotic approved by the FDA in 2019 for schizophrenia and later for bipolar depression and adjunctive major depressive disorder. It modulates serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission with low D2 occupancy, at 42 mg once daily, with low weight, metabolic, and extrapyramidal side-effect rates.
Lurasidone
Lurasidone (Latuda) is an atypical antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia (2010) and bipolar I depression (2013), dosed 40-160 mg/day with food, with a favorable metabolic profile versus olanzapine and quetiapine.
Melperone
Melperone (Bunil, FG 5111) is a butyrophenone atypical antipsychotic related to haloperidol, ATC N05AD03, used over 30 years in the EU for schizophrenia, agitation, and elderly confusion, and studied for Parkinson's disease psychosis.
Mephenesin
Mephenesin (Tolserol, CAS 59-47-2), a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant introduced in 1948; short-acting spinal reflex depressant whose carbamate derivatives led to meprobamate.
Mesoridazine
Mesoridazine (Serentil, mesoridazine besylate) is a discontinued phenothiazine antipsychotic, the active side-chain sulfoxide metabolite of thioridazine, FDA-approved in 1970 for refractory schizophrenia and withdrawn over QT prolongation risk.
Metaxalone
Metaxalone, marketed as Skelaxin since its 1962 United States approval, is a centrally acting muscle relaxant for acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions in adults and patients 13 and older.
Methixene
Methixene (metixene, Tremaril, Trest) is a discontinued tertiary antimuscarinic anticholinergic, ATC N04AA03, C20H23NS, used for parkinsonism and GI spasm via muscarinic antagonism in the corpus striatum.
Molindone
Molindone (SPN-810) is a dihydroindolone first-generation antipsychotic approved in 1974 for schizophrenia, known for causing weight loss rather than gain, akathisia, MAO inhibition, and no longer being manufactured.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS, syndrome malin des neuroleptiques) is a life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists, mainly antipsychotics, causing fever, rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability; treated by stopping the drug, supportive care, and dantrolene.
Oculogyric crisis
Oculogyric crisis (OGC), also called vertical spasm of gaze, is a rare acute dystonic reaction causing sustained conjugate upward eye deviation, usually from neuroleptic drugs or dopamine-related neurometabolic disorders, treated with anticholinergics.
Olanzapine
Olanzapine (Zyprexa) is an atypical antipsychotic blocking D2 and 5-HT2A receptors, FDA-approved in 1996 for schizophrenia and in 2000 for bipolar mania; highly effective but strongly linked to weight gain and metabolic syndrome.
Orphenadrine
Orphenadrine, sold as Norflex and usually given as the citrate salt, is a skeletal muscle relaxant and mild analgesic used for painful musculoskeletal conditions and Parkinson's disease.
Oxypertine
Oxypertine (WIN 18,501-2, Integrin) is a phenylpiperazine antipsychotic introduced in the 1960s for schizophrenia; a dopamine antagonist and monoamine depleter, now used predominantly in Japan.
Paliperidone
Paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone, INVEGA) is an atypical antipsychotic and the active metabolite of risperidone, given as extended-release oral tablets (3–12 mg/day) or monthly paliperidone palmitate injection for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Pardoprunox
Pardoprunox (SLV308) is an investigational partial dopamine D2/D3 agonist and full 5-HT1A agonist developed by Solvay for Parkinson's disease; effective in trials but limited by adverse events and discontinued.
Periciazine
Periciazine (pericyazine, propericiazine; brands Neulactil, Neuleptil) is a sedating piperidine phenothiazine antipsychotic, ATC N05AC01, used for schizophrenia and short-term control of severe anxiety, agitation, and impulsive aggression.
Pipamperone
Pipamperone (Dipiperon, R 3345), a butyrophenone typical antipsychotic introduced by Janssen in 1961; 5-HT2A/D4 antagonist used in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany for psychosis, agitation, behavioral problems, and delirium, lacking FDA approval.
Piperacetazine
Piperacetazine (Quide, Actazine, Psymod) is a discontinued piperidine-subclass phenothiazine antipsychotic, a dopamine D2 antagonist approved by FDA in 1969 for schizophrenia and withdrawn from US marketing.
Pipotiazine palmitate
Pipotiazine palmitate (Piportil Depot, 19.552 R.P.) is a long-acting depot phenothiazine antipsychotic, the palmitate ester of pipotiazine, given by monthly intramuscular injection for schizophrenia maintenance; equivalent to other depots, discontinued in 2015 after an API shortage.
Piribedil
Piribedil, sold as Trivastal and Pronoran, is a dopamine agonist drug used to treat Parkinson's disease in Europe and Asia, but not approved in the United States.
Pridopidine
Pridopidine (ACR16, TV-7820, Huntexil) is an oral sigma-1 receptor agonist and dopamine stabilizer developed by Teva and Prilenia for Huntington's disease; phase 3 PROOF-HD missed its primary endpoint and the EMA refused marketing authorization in 2025.