88 articles
Prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine (Stemetil, Buccastem, Compazine) is a piperazine phenothiazine dopamine D2 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antipsychotic, and acute migraine treatment; IV form carries a level A emergency department recommendation.
Procyclidine
Procyclidine (Kemadrin, Arpicolin) is a tertiary amine antimuscarinic anticholinergic drug, ATC N04AA04, first approved in 1955, used for Parkinson's disease and neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms; given orally as 5 mg tablets with about 75% bioavailability.
Prothipendyl
Prothipendyl (Dominal) is a low-potency azaphenothiazine first-generation antipsychotic, ATC N05AX07, D2 antagonist with antihistaminic and anticholinergic effects, half-life 2-3 h, DDD 0.24 g, used for psychomotor agitation.
Quetiapine
Quetiapine (Seroquel) is an atypical antipsychotic approved in 1997 for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with XR adjunctive MDD use; D2/5HT2 antagonism, 7-hour half-life, CYP3A4 metabolism.
Reminertant
Reminertant, also called meclinertant or SR 48692, is Sanofi's first non-peptide NTS1 neurotensin receptor antagonist, orally active and brain-penetrant; tested in schizophrenia and small cell lung cancer without approval.
Remoxipride
Remoxipride is a selective dopamine D2 antagonist of the substituted benzamide class, sold by Astra as Roxiam for schizophrenia and withdrawn in 1993 over aplastic anemia.
Risperidone
Risperidone (Risperdal) is a benzisoxazole atypical antipsychotic from Janssen that blocks 5-HT2 and D2 receptors; its active metabolite is paliperidone, and it treats schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and autism-related irritability.
Roluperidone
Roluperidone (MIN-101, CYR-101) is Minerva Neurosciences' investigational 5-HT2A, sigma-2, and alpha-1A antagonist for negative symptoms of schizophrenia; NDA received a 2024 CRL, confirmatory Phase 3 C19 trial ongoing.
Samidorphan
Samidorphan (ALKS 33), a naltrexone-derived mu-opioid receptor antagonist with kappa/delta partial agonist activity, is co-formulated with olanzapine as LYBALVI (US approval 2021) to mitigate olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder.
Sertindole
Sertindole (Serdolect) is an atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia, authorized in Europe in 1996, suspended in 1999 over cardiac death concerns, and reintroduced in 2002 with ECG monitoring; it blocks HERG channels and prolongs QTc about 20 ms.
Sulpiride
Sulpiride (Dogmatil) is a substituted benzamide dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist used as an antipsychotic, antidepressant, and digestive aid, with dose-dependent effects and about 35% oral bioavailability.
Sumanirole
Sumanirole (U-95666E, PNU-95666E) is a nonergot imidazoquinolinone dopamine agonist, the first published D2-selective dopamine receptor agonist, developed by Pfizer for Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome but never FDA approved.
Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia: a potentially irreversible involuntary movement disorder from prolonged dopamine receptor-blocking drug exposure, mainly antipsychotics; treated with VMAT-2 inhibitors valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, FDA approved in 2017.
Thiothixene
Thiothixene (tiotixene, brand Navane) is a first-generation thioxanthene antipsychotic approved in the US in 1967 for schizophrenia; D2 antagonist, 20-30 mg/day typical dose, brand discontinued with generics remaining.
Tiapride
Tiapride is a substituted benzamide antipsychotic that selectively blocks D2 and D3 dopamine receptors, used mainly for alcohol withdrawal, agitation and aggressiveness, dyskinesias, and tic disorders, marketed in Europe but lacking US FDA approval.
Tizanidine
Tizanidine (Zanaflex, Sirdalud) is a short-acting central alpha-2-adrenergic agonist muscle relaxant for spasticity; discovered by Sandoz, approved in Switzerland 1983 and the US in 1996, contraindicated with strong CYP1A2 inhibitors.
Tolperisone
Tolperisone (Mydocalm, Mydeton) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant synthesized in 1956 by Gedeon Richter, used for spasticity and painful muscle spasm; it blocks voltage-gated sodium and N-type calcium channels, and EU oral use is restricted to post-stroke spasticity in adults.
Trifluperidol
Trifluperidol (R-2498, Triperidol) is a butyrophenone antipsychotic and dopamine antagonist similar to haloperidol, synthesized 1959 by Janssen, used for psychoses including schizophrenia and mania; not FDA-approved, mainly available in India.
Triflupromazine
Triflupromazine (Vesprin, Siquil, fluopromazine) is a phenothiazine dopamine D1/D2 antagonist antipsychotic and antiemetic, FDA-approved 1957, discontinued for humans but still a veterinary tranquilizer for dogs, cats, and horses.
Trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) is a synthetic antimuscarinic anticholinergic drug marketed in 1949 for Parkinson's disease, used for parkinsonism, drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms, and off-label dystonia, with euphoric effects and misuse potential.
Typical antipsychotic
Typical (first-generation) antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are dopamine D2 receptor antagonists introduced in the 1950s; distinguished from atypicals by higher extrapyramidal side-effect risk above roughly 80% D2 occupancy.
Ulotaront
Ulotaront (SEP-363856) is an experimental antipsychotic acting at TAAR1 and 5-HT1A receptors without D2 blockade, developed for schizophrenia; its Phase 3 trials failed in 2023.
Valbenazine
Valbenazine (Ingrezza) is a once-daily VMAT2 inhibitor by Neurocrine Biosciences, FDA-approved in 2017 for tardive dyskinesia and in 2023 for Huntington's disease chorea, with a boxed warning for depression and suicidality in HD.
Veralipride
Veralipride (Agreal, Agradil), a benzamide neuroleptic antidopaminergic drug first marketed in 1979 for menopausal hot flushes; withdrawn across the EU by European Commission decision on 1 October 2007 after safety concerns.
Volinanserin
Volinanserin (MDL 100907, M100907) is a discontinued, highly selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist developed by Hoechst Marion Roussel for schizophrenia and later insomnia; now a research tool and PET radiotracer basis.
Zicronapine
Zicronapine, development code LU 31-130, is an investigational antipsychotic drug candidate developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company H. Lundbeck for schizophrenia, reaching phase 3 trials before Lundbeck discontinued it in 2014 in favor of another compound.
Ziprasidone
Ziprasidone (Geodon) is an atypical antipsychotic approved in 2001 for schizophrenia and 2004 for bipolar mania, with intramuscular use for agitation; notable for low weight gain but QTc prolongation and food-dependent absorption.
Zuclopenthixol
Zuclopenthixol (Clopixol), cis-isomer of clopenthixol, a thioxanthene typical antipsychotic introduced in 1962; sold as oral dihydrochloride, short-acting acetate injection, and decanoate depot for schizophrenia.