Medicines and therapeutics

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), a semisynthetic Schedule II opioid agonist derived from morphine, two to eight times morphine's potency, no active metabolites, used for moderate to severe postoperative and cancer pain.

Hydroxyamphetamine

Hydroxyamphetamine (4-hydroxyamphetamine, Paredrine, Paremyd with tropicamide) is an indirect sympathomimetic amine that releases norepinephrine to dilate the pupil and localize Horner's syndrome lesions; now largely superseded by apraclonidine.

Hydroxycamptothecin

Hydroxycamptothecin (10-hydroxycamptothecin, HCPT, 10-羟基喜树碱), a topoisomerase I-inhibiting alkaloid from Camptotheca acuminata, about 30 times more active than camptothecin but limited by lactone instability and poor water solubility.

Hydroxycarbamide

Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor synthesized in 1869, FDA-approved 1967 as an antineoplastic and 1998 for sickle cell anemia; raises HbF, reduces pain crises, mainstay disease-modifying SCD drug.

Hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil, HCQ), a 4-aminoquinoline DMARD derived from chloroquine and quinine, treats rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, skin conditions, and malaria; large trials found no COVID-19 benefit, and retinopathy is the main long-term risk.

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC; Delalutin, Makena, Proluton Depot) is a synthetic long-acting progestin ester given weekly by intramuscular injection. FDA approved it in 2011 to prevent recurrent preterm birth and withdrew that approval in April 2023; the EU suspended it in 2024.

Hydroxystilbamidine

Hydroxystilbamidine (2-hydroxy-4,4'-stilbenedicarboxamidine, CAS 495-99-8) is a stilbenoid aromatic diamidine. Its isethionate salt, approved in 1953 and now discontinued, treated blastomycosis and leishmaniasis; the dye remains a histochemical stain and neuroanatomic tracer.

Sep 29, 2026

Hydroxyurea therapy

Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) therapy is oral drug treatment that inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and raises fetal hemoglobin, the mainstay disease-modifying drug for sickle cell disease since FDA approval in 1998.

Hydroxyzine

Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) is a first-generation sedating antihistamine used for itching, anxiety, and surgical sedation, in use since 1955, with a small but definite QT-prolongation risk that led to 2015 EMA dose restrictions.

Hyoscine butylbromide

Hyoscine butylbromide, also called butylscopolamine and best known as Buscopan, is an antispasmodic drug used since 1951 to relieve abdominal cramps, irritable bowel syndrome, and spasms of the urinary tract.

Hyoscyamine

Hyoscyamine, a tropane alkaloid from Atropa belladonna and the L-isomer of atropine, is an antimuscarinic antispasmodic used for GI spasm and IBS, with weak efficacy evidence and anticholinergic side effects.

Hypnotic

Hypnotic: sleep-inducing drug class for insomnia, also called sedative-hypnotics; spans barbiturates, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, melatonin agonists, and orexin antagonists, with CBT-I preferred first-line.

Hypromellose acetate succinate

Hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS, Shin-Etsu AQOAT) is a cellulose-derived enteric pharmaceutical excipient, marketed since 1986, in L/M/H grades dissolving at pH 5.5/6.0/6.5, used for enteric coating and amorphous solid dispersions; GRAS notice GRN 960 closed 2021.

Ianalumab

Ianalumab (VAY736) is Novartis's fully human anti-BAFF-R IgG1 monoclonal antibody combining B-cell depletion via ADCC with BAFF-R blockade, developed for Sjögren's disease, ITP, SLE, and wAIHA; its NEPTUNUS Phase III trials were the first in Sjögren's to meet an ESSDAI endpoint.

Iatrogenesis

Iatrogenesis, from Greek iatros (physician), is harm caused by medical activity, also called medical nemesis in Illich's critique. Preventable patient harm affects about 6% of patients, led by drug, therapeutic, and surgical incidents.

Ibalizumab

Ibalizumab (Trogarzo, ibalizumab-uiyk) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, a CD4-directed post-attachment HIV-1 inhibitor approved by FDA March 6, 2018 for multidrug-resistant HIV-1 in heavily treatment-experienced adults; dosed 2,000 mg then 800 mg IV every 2 weeks.

Iberdomide

Iberdomide, sold as Zenbexus, is an oral cereblon E3 ligase modulator developed by Bristol Myers Squibb and approved in 2026 for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

IBI3001, EGFR/B7-H3 bispecific antibody-drug conjugate

IBI3001 (IBI-3001) is Innovent Biologics' potentially first-in-class bispecific antibody-drug conjugate targeting B7-H3 (CD276) and EGFR, glycan-conjugated to exatecan at DAR 4, in a Phase 1 solid tumor trial (NCT06349408) with a Takeda ex-China license option.

IBI355 (SP001)

IBI355 (SP001) is Innovent Biologics' third-generation Fc-silent anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody for autoimmune disease, licensed to Spero Therapeutics in 2026 for about $1.1 billion, with Phase 2 trials planned in IgG4-RD and Sjögren's disease.

IBI363, PD-1/IL-2α-bias bispecific fusion protein

IBI363 (TAK-928), Innovent Biologics' first-in-class PD-1/IL-2 alpha-bias bispecific antibody fusion protein, blocks PD-1 and cis-activates IL-2 receptors on exhausted tumor-specific T cells; partnered with Takeda in a US$1.2 billion deal for global development outside Greater China.

Ibodutant

Ibodutant (MEN15596) is a Menarini nonpeptide tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist investigated for diarrhea-predominant IBS; effective in women in phase II (IRIS-2) but failed phase III and was never licensed.

Ibogaine

Ibogaine, a psychoactive indole alkaloid from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga (Bwiti sacrament), is an experimental anti-addiction drug that interrupts opioid withdrawal but causes QTc prolongation, arrhythmias, and deaths; it remains US Schedule I with no completed controlled trial.

Ibrexafungerp

Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078, MK-3118; Brexafemme), first-in-class oral triterpenoid antifungal derived from enfumafungin; inhibits 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase; FDA-approved 2021 for vulvovaginal candidiasis and recurrent RVVC reduction.

Ibritumomab tiuxetan

Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) is a murine anti-CD20 antibody linked via tiuxetan to yttrium-90, the first FDA-approved radioconjugated antibody for cancer (2002), treating relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma; EU authorization lapsed in 2024.