1,953 articles
Placebo-controlled study
A placebo-controlled study is a randomized clinical trial in which participants receive either the experimental treatment or a matched inert placebo, and the outcome difference between the two groups measures the treatment's effect.
Plague doctor
Plague doctor (medico della peste): a municipally contracted plague physician, iconically depicted in a beaked mask costume attributed to Charles de Lorme and the 1656 Rome/Naples engravings; used briefly in 17th-century Italy and southern France against miasma.
Plague of Athens (Λοιμός των Αθηνών)
Plague of Athens (Λοιμός των Αθηνών), epidemic of 430–427/426 BC in besieged Athens during the Peloponnesian War, recorded by Thucydides; killed up to a third of 250,000–300,000 people, including Pericles; cause debated, now linked to invasive Salmonella enterica.
Plague of Cyprian
The Plague of Cyprian, also called the Cyprianic Plague, was a pandemic that struck the Roman Empire from about 249 to 270 CE, described by the bishop Cyprian of Carthage.
Plague of Justinian
Plague of Justinian (Justinianic Plague), first wave of the First Pandemic of Yersinia pestis bubonic plague, 541–750 CE; struck the Byzantine Empire in 541, reached Constantinople in 542, confirmed by ancient DNA, mortality scale disputed.
Plandemic
Plandemic, also called Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19, is a 2020 conspiratorial pseudo-documentary series by Mikki Willis featuring discredited researcher Judy Mikovits; its false claims about COVID-19, vaccines, and Fauci were debunked by FactCheck.org, PolitiFact, and AFP.
Platform trial
A platform trial is a clinical trial design testing multiple treatments against a shared control group, with treatments entering or leaving under a master protocol.
Pneumologie
Pneumologie is the German-language journal of respiratory medicine published by Georg Thieme Verlag, official organ of the German Respiratory Society (DGP); founded 1947 as Der Tuberkulosearzt, named Pneumologie since 1989.
POIAMA study
POIAMA (Pregnancies Outcomes in Advanced Maternal Age Women), ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06528340, is an observational patient registry sponsored by Centro di Ricerca Clinica Salentino enrolling 1000 advanced maternal age pregnant women to document delivery, placental, hemorrhage, and neonatal outcomes.
Poison
Poison: any substance that in small quantities seriously disturbs bodily function and may cause death; studied by toxicology. Distinguished from toxin (organism-produced) and venom (injected); dose determines toxicity.
Poison Control Centers
Poison control centers, also called poison information centres, provide free 24/7 toxicology advice by phone (1-800-222-1222 in the US) and online triage; the US network of 53 accredited centers began in Chicago in 1953 and feeds the National Poison Data System.
Policlinico Umberto I
Policlinico Umberto I, Rome's historic university hospital conceived by Guido Baccelli, first stone 1888, opened 1903; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria tied to Sapienza, 1,231 beds, level II emergency department, 54-building campus.
Policy surveillance
Policy surveillance is a study design in public health law research that systematically tracks and codes the content of laws across jurisdictions and over time, producing quantitative legal datasets for evaluation.
Polio eradication
Polio eradication: the GPEI (since 1988) campaign to eliminate wild poliovirus types 1–3 and vaccine-derived outbreaks; WPV2 and WPV3 certified eradicated, WPV1 endemic only in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with cVDPV2 outbreaks managed using nOPV2.
Polio eradication in Nigeria
Polio eradication in Nigeria is the national component of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Nigeria's last wild polio case was in 2016, though vaccine-derived poliovirus continues to circulate.
Polygenic risk score
A polygenic risk score, or genetic risk score, is a single number summarizing how many genetic variants combine to raise a person's likelihood of developing a disease.
POP-REMIND trial
The POP-REMIND trial, also called the POP study, is a French prospective multicenter cohort study run by the REMIND group on postoperative recurrence after ileal Crohn's disease resection.
PopART trial
HPTN 071 (PopART), Population Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission, was a 2013–2018 three-arm community-randomized trial in 21 Zambian and South African communities testing universal HIV testing and treatment; arm B cut incidence 30%, arm A showed no significant effect.
PoProStu study
PoProStu (Poznan Prospective Study, NCT01411033) is a Polish prospective cohort following 100 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes treated with intensive insulin therapy from onset since 1994-1999, tracking chronic complications over 25+ years.
Population Characteristics
Population Characteristics is a MeSH descriptor (D011154, N01) covering demographic, health status, and socioeconomic qualities of populations, measured through censuses, vital statistics, surveys, and surveillance systems.
Population Groups
Population Groups is a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptor, maintained by the National Library of Medicine, covering people grouped by race, ethnicity, religion, residence, or social standing.
Population Growth
Population growth: increase over time in the number of people in a country or region, also called natural increase plus net migration. Global rate peaked at 2.3% in 1963; UN projects a peak near 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s.
Population Health
Population health: the health outcomes of a group of individuals and their distribution, per Kindig and Stoddart's 2003 definition; also called the population health approach, covering determinants, HALY/QALY/DALY measurement, and public health distinctions.
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) is an autonomous Institute of National Importance in Chandigarh, India, offering postgraduate medical education and care, founded in 1962.
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is emergency prevention after possible infection exposure: HIV antiretrovirals within 72 hours for 28 days (87% risk reduction), rabies vaccine plus HRIG, pertussis antibiotics, and WHO-recommended doxycycline PEP for bacterial STIs.
Postnatal Care
Postnatal care (postpartum care) is health care for mother and newborn in the first six weeks (42 days) after birth. WHO's 2022 guideline sets 63 recommendations; over 3 in 10 women and babies miss early postnatal care.
PPB study
PPB study: the International PPB/DICER1 Registry and the NCI DICER1-Related Tumor Predisposition Study (NCT00565903), which established DICER1 germline variants as the cause of the pleuropulmonary blastoma familial cancer syndrome.
PPC trial
PPC trial refers to clinical trials of Patient Priorities Care, an approach aligning healthcare with older adults' health priorities (outcome goals and care preferences), tested in the 2019 JAMA Internal Medicine nonrandomized trial, a 2024 Cleveland Clinic trial, and VA randomized trial NCT04922320.
PPMI trial
The PPMI trial (Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative) is an international observational study launched in 2010, sponsored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation, to identify biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.
Practice Management
Practice management: the business administration of medical, dental, and veterinary practices, covering billing, staffing, compliance, and payer contracting; also the software category and the MGMA-credentialed profession supporting independent clinical practices.