289 articles
Bohemian famine of 1771–1772
The Bohemian famine of 1771–1772 (Czech: hladomor v českých zemích) was a subsistence crisis in the Czech lands of the Habsburg monarchy, killing an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people.
Breast milk
Breast milk (human milk), the milk produced by human mothers to feed infants; over a thousand bioactive components, WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months, ~47% global rate.
Brown sugar
Brown sugar: sucrose sweetener made by coating or crystallizing white sugar with molasses, giving brown color and caramel flavor; nutritionally nearly identical to white sugar and not healthier.
Bruce Lipton
Bruce H. Lipton (born 1944) is an American cell biologist and author of The Biology of Belief (2005), who claims beliefs control gene expression via epigenetics; mainstream scientists reject these claims as unsupported, and PSYCH-K lacks clinical evidence.
Calcifediol
Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3, calcidiol) is the liver-made circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 and precursor of calcitriol, used as a supplement and as RAYALDEE for CKD secondary hyperparathyroidism; it raises serum 25(OH)D faster and about 3.2-fold more potently than cholecalciferol.
Calcitriol
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is the active form of vitamin D, formed by kidney hydroxylation, used as a vitamin D receptor activator to suppress PTH in CKD stages G3b–G5, with noted eGFR and creatinine effects.
CalFresh
CalFresh is California's version of SNAP (formerly Food Stamps), providing monthly EBT food benefits to low-income residents; 5.5 million Californians participate, with income limits by household size and 2025-26 H.R. 1 federal changes.
Carbohydrate loading
Carbohydrate loading (glycogen supercompensation): pre-event strategy of 8–12 g carbohydrate/kg/day for 24–48 hours plus a training taper to boost muscle glycogen before endurance events over 90 minutes; unrelated to brief sprints or shorter races.
Cat meat
Cat meat (thịt mèo, "little tiger") is domestic cat flesh eaten in a few countries, mainly Vietnam, where over 1 million cats are trafficked yearly; banned in Taiwan, China, and the US.
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), a USDA center established December 1994 under the Food and Nutrition Administration; leads the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, MyPlate, the Healthy Eating Index, and the USDA Food Plans including the Thrifty Food Plan that sets SNAP benefit maximums.
Chemistry of ascorbic acid
Chemistry of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6): a water-soluble lactone acid, pKa 4.17, readily oxidized via ascorbate radical to dehydroascorbic acid; isolated as hexuronic acid by Szent-Györgyi, structure solved and synthesized by Haworth (1937 Nobel).
Child Nutrition Act
Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (Pub. L. 89-642), U.S. federal law creating the School Breakfast Program and formalizing the Special Milk Program; WIC sits under its section 17; last reauthorized by the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act.
Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), the animal form of vitamin D, is made in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol by UVB, activated by liver and kidney hydroxylations, and raises serum 25(OH)D more effectively than ergocalciferol (D2).
Chromium deficiency
Chromium deficiency: proposed lack of trivalent chromium impairing glucose tolerance; described only in long-term TPN case reports, not in healthy people; ICD-11 5B5K.8; essentiality disputed since EFSA 2014.
Chromium polynicotinate
Chromium polynicotinate, also called niacin-bound chromium, GTF Chromium, or ChromeMate, is a trivalent chromium-niacin complex used in supplements; FDA issued a no-questions GRAS letter (GRN 000614) in 2016 for enhanced water beverages at 575 µg/L.
Cicely Williams
Cicely Delphine Williams (1893–1992), Jamaican paediatrician who described kwashiorkor on the Gold Coast, led the 1939 "Milk and Murder" campaign against artificial infant feeding, survived Changi internment, and was WHO's first maternal and child health chief.
City Harvest (United States)
City Harvest is New York City's first and largest food rescue nonprofit, founded 1982, delivering surplus food via 23 trucks to 400+ pantries and soup kitchens; rescued 78.8M pounds in FY2024, over one billion pounds cumulative.
Cod liver oil
Cod liver oil, oil from the liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a supplement providing omega-3s (EPA, DHA) plus vitamins A and D; historically used for rickets and tuberculosis, avoided in pregnancy due to vitamin A.
Cutberto Garza
Cutberto Garza is an American physician and nutrition scientist, longtime leader of Cornell's nutrition division, who chaired the WHO Child Growth Standards effort and the 1999 U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee.
Cyanocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin, also called vitamin B12, is the most stable and most common supplemental form of cobalamin, a synthetic cyano-cobalt complex crystallized in 1948 and activated in the body by MMACHC decyanation.
Dave Asprey
Dave Asprey (born 1973), American entrepreneur, founder of Bulletproof and Bulletproof Coffee (butter and MCT oil in coffee), self-described father of biohacking; his diet and health claims face repeated scientific and fact-checking criticism.
David L. Katz
David L. Katz, American physician and nutrition researcher; founder of Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, True Health Initiative, and Diet ID; past president of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine.
Dawn Jackson Blatner
Dawn Jackson "DJ" Blatner is a Chicago-based registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN, CSSD), creator of the flexitarian diet, author of The Flexitarian Diet and The Superfood Swap, winner of ABC's My Diet Is Better Than Yours, and former Chicago Cubs head dietitian.
Diet Records
Diet records, also called food diaries, are self-report tools recording all foods and drinks consumed over specified days in real time, weighed or estimated, used in nutrition research and known for under-reporting and reactivity.
Diet Therapy
Diet therapy: adjusting food intake quantity and quality to improve health, indexed as MeSH D004035 and delivered as medical nutrition therapy by registered dietitian nutritionists for diabetes, obesity, hypertension, kidney disease, and IBD.
Dietary fiber
Dietary fiber, also called bulk or roughage, is the nondigestible carbohydrate and lignin in plant foods. Key facts: FDA 2016 definition, 14 g per 1,000 kcal recommendation, soluble versus insoluble types, lower all-cause and CVD mortality.
Dietary Reference Intake
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are NASEM nutrient reference values (RDA, AI, EAR, UL, CDRR, AMDR) for healthy people in the US and Canada, jointly funded since the mid-1990s and used for labeling, guidelines, and assessment.
Dietary supplement
Dietary supplement: product taken by mouth containing dietary ingredients (vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, probiotics), regulated as food under DSHEA 1994; no FDA premarket approval, 57.6% of US adults use them.
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
DSHEA (Public Law 103-417, October 25, 1994) is the US law defining dietary supplements as a food category under FDA oversight, with no premarket approval, structure/function claims with a disclaimer, and new dietary ingredient notification.
Diseases of poverty
Diseases of poverty: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, and increasingly NCDs that disproportionately affect the poorest populations, driven by poor water, sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare access, with burden, interventions, and post-2023 trends.