289 articles
Dolomite as a mineral source
Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2, CAS 16389-88-1) as a mineral source of calcium and magnesium: GRAS Notice 806 for bottled-water remineralization at 40 mg/L Ca and 25 mg/L Mg, versus supplement-grade dolomite with heavy-metal contamination concerns.
Doris E. Roberts
Doris E. Roberts, born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1915, was an American nurse leader who served as a U.S. Public Health Service officer from 1945 to 1975.
Doubly labeled water
Doubly labeled water (DLW) is an isotope tracer method measuring total energy expenditure in free-living people, regarded as the gold standard since the first human study in 1982.
Drinking
Drinking, the consumption of liquids (MeSH D004326), is regulated by thirst, osmoreceptors, and vasopressin; reference intakes are 3.7 L/day (men) and 2.7 L/day (women), and safe drinking-water remains unavailable to 2.1 billion people.
Dry beriberi
Dry beriberi (乾性脚気, ICD-11 5B5A.00) is the neurologic form of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, causing symmetric stocking-glove polyneuropathy with burning feet, unlike wet beriberi's heart failure; treated with thiamine.
Eben Byers
Eben MacBurney Byers, Pittsburgh industrialist and 1906 U.S. amateur golf champion, died of radium poisoning in 1932 after drinking about 1,400 bottles of the radioactive patent medicine Radithor, prompting its removal and stronger FDA regulation.
Effects of hunger
Effects of hunger (ICD-11 NF07.0): health consequences of lacking food, from metabolic shutdown, organ wasting, and infection risk to famine; 645 million people faced hunger in 2025.
Effects of thirst
Effects of thirst (ICD-11 NF07.1) classifies consequences of water deprivation and polydipsia; thirst begins at plasma osmolality about 285 mOsm/kg and fails as a guide in the elderly and athletes.
Egg white
Egg white (albumen), the clear liquid around the egg yolk, is about 88% water and 11% protein; ovalbumin (54%) drives its foaming, gelling, and emulsifying roles in foods.
Emily English
Emily English, known as Em the Nutritionist, is a British nutritionist and author of the Sunday Times bestselling cookbooks So Good and Live to Eat.
Energy Intake
Energy intake (EI): energy consumed in food and drink, in kcal or MJ/day. Measured by self-report (recalls, records, FFQs) and validated against doubly labeled water; self-reports under-report by roughly 1–47%.
Ensure
Ensure, Abbott's adult oral nutritional supplement brand introduced in 1973, offers shakes and powders (Original, Plus, Max Protein, Complete, Enlive) providing complete balanced nutrition for malnourished patients, recovery, and healthy aging.
Enzyte
Enzyte, a "natural male enhancement" dietary supplement from Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals/Vianda of Cincinnati, known for Smiling Bob ads, QTc prolongation findings, and FTC and state fraud settlements.
Ergocalciferol
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), a fat-soluble vitamin made by UV irradiation of ergosterol in yeast, used for vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and refractory rickets; raises serum 25(OH)D less than cholecalciferol (D3).
Euell Gibbons
Euell Gibbons (1911–1975), American naturalist and author of Stalking the Wild Asparagus (1962), who revived foraging interest and starred in Grape-Nuts commercials, including the line about eating a pine tree.
Eukaryotic Cobalamin Transport
Eukaryotic cobalamin transport: how vitamin B12 is absorbed via IF-cubam, carried by transcobalamin, taken up through CD320, exported from lysosomes by LMBD1-ABCD4, and processed by MMACHC/MMADHC; defects cause cblF, cblJ, and CD320 disorders.
European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism
ESPEN, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, is a Luxembourg-registered non-profit founded in 1980 that publishes Clinical Nutrition guidelines, position papers, and the annual ESPEN Congress.
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), USDA/NIFA nutrition education program begun 1969, run by 76 Land-Grant Universities for low-income families and youth, with peer educators, four core areas, and cost-benefit evidence.
ExtenZe
ExtenZe is an over-the-counter male enhancement dietary supplement sold as a proprietary herbal blend. Known for a $1.75M false-advertising settlement and FDA findings of undeclared sildenafil in Extenze Plus.
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT), now termed faltering weight or faltering growth, is subnormal weight gain in infancy or childhood; affects about 5-10% of primary care children, usually multifactorial, renamed by the 2026 AAP/NASPGHAN guideline.
Famine
Famine: the most severe acute food insecurity, defined by the IPC (Phase 5) with thresholds of 20% households starving, 30% child malnutrition, and excess deaths; driven mainly by conflict and government decisions.
Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP), a USDA program established in 1992, gives WIC participants coupons for fresh, unprepared, locally grown fruits and vegetables at authorized farmers, farmers markets, and roadside stands; operates in 49 states.
Feeding America
Feeding America, formerly Second Harvest, is the largest US hunger-relief nonprofit: a Chicago-based 501(c)(3) network of over 250 food banks and 60,000 meal programs distributing 5.9 billion meals annually and running the Map the Meal Gap study.
Feeding Behavior
Feeding behavior (eating behavior, food habits) is the manner, rhythmic pattern, and timing of eating in humans and animals, MeSH D005247, governed by homeostatic, hedonic, circadian, genetic, and developmental factors.
Feeding Methods
Feeding Methods (MeSH D005248) covers ways of giving food to humans or animals: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding, and parenteral (intravenous) nutrition, with routes, tube access, delivery schedules, and history from ancient rectal enemas to modern formulas.
Female athlete triad
Female athlete triad: syndrome in active girls and women linking low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density; coined by ACSM in 1992, redefined as a spectrum in 2007, related to but distinct from the IOC's broader RED-S term.
Folate
Folate (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble B vitamin, also called folacin, needed for DNA synthesis and one-carbon metabolism. Folic acid is its synthetic form; 400 mcg daily periconceptionally prevents neural tube defects.
Folate deficiency
Folate deficiency (folic acid, vitamin B9 deficiency): low blood folate causing megaloblastic anemia; causes include poor diet, alcohol, malabsorption, and drugs; preventable with 400 µg daily and grain fortification.
Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support and energy. Covers nutrition and WHO dietary guidance, food history, global hunger (645 million undernourished in 2025), food security monitoring, and the environmental impact of diets.
Food and Nutrition Service
Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), now the Food and Nutrition Administration (FNA), is the USDA agency, established August 8, 1969, administering 15 federal nutrition assistance programs including SNAP, WIC, and school meals.