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Cepeginterferon alfa-2b
Cepeginterferon alfa-2b (Algeron, цепэгинтерферон альфа-2b) is a Russian pegylated interferon alfa-2b with a 20 kDa PEG, used with ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C; single-isomer, once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.
Cephalic presentation
Cephalic presentation, also called vertex or head-first presentation, is the most common fetal presentation in labor, subdivided into vertex, sinciput, brow, face, and chin; about 95% of fetuses at 36 weeks, with occiput anterior the ideal position.
Cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin, also called cefaloglycin, is the first oral cephalosporin C antibiotic, a phenylglycine analogue of cephalothin developed by Eli Lilly, used for urinary tract infections, converted to active desacetylcephaloglycin, nephrotoxic, and no longer in common use.
Cephalometric analysis
Cephalometric analysis, also known as cephalometric measurement, is a diagnostic method in dentistry and orthodontics that measures angles and distances on standardized head radiographs to assess skeletal and dental relationships and guide treatment planning.
Cephalometry
Cephalometry is a diagnostic imaging method measuring distances and angles between landmarks on standardized head radiographs, used in orthodontics since 1931 for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics derived from Cephalosporium acremonium, discovered by Brotzu in Sardinia in 1945; grouped into five generations by spectrum, from cefazolin to ceftaroline and the siderophore cefiderocol.
Cephapirin
Cephapirin (cefapirin, Cefadyl) is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, similar to cephalothin, approved in the US in 1974; no human products remain approved, and it is now used only as an intramammary mastitis treatment (ToDAY, ToMORROW) in dairy cattle.
Cepheid (company)
Cepheid, a Sunnyvale, California molecular diagnostics company founded in 1996 and acquired by Danaher in 2016 for about $4 billion, makes the GeneXpert cartridge-based PCR system and Xpert tests, with WHO-recommended TB and HIV use.
Cephradine
Cephradine, also spelled cefradine, is a first-generation cephalosporin β-lactam antibiotic given orally or by injection against respiratory, urinary, bone, and skin infections, marketed as Velosef.
Ceralasertib
Ceralasertib (AZD6738) is AstraZeneca's oral ATR kinase inhibitor for cancer, studied as monotherapy and with paclitaxel, carboplatin, olaparib, and durvalumab; the LATIFY phase III NSCLC trial missed its OS endpoint.
Cerebellar ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia is loss of coordination from cerebellar damage, spanning hereditary SCAs, Friedreich ataxia, sporadic SLOCA, MSA-C, and acquired causes; diagnosed by MRI, genetics, and SARA scale.
Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome
CANVAS (MIM 614575), cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia, an adult-onset autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1, distinguished from MSA by vestibulopathy and chronic dry cough.
Cerebellar ataxia-areflexia-pes cavus-optic atrophy-sensorineural hearing loss syndrome
CAPOS syndrome (cerebellar ataxia-areflexia-pes cavus-optic atrophy-sensorineural hearing loss syndrome, OMIM 601338) is a rare ATP1A3 p.Glu818Lys disorder with fever-triggered ataxic episodes and progressive vision and hearing loss.
Cerebellar ataxia-hypogonadism syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia-hypogonadism syndrome, also called Gordon Holmes syndrome (ORPHA:1173, OMIM 212840), is a very rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder combining progressive cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, caused by RNF216, PNPLA6, or STUB1 mutations.
Cerebellar ataxia, Cayman type
Cerebellar ataxia, Cayman type (Cayman ataxia) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder first described on Grand Cayman Island, caused by mutations in the ATCAY gene.
Cerebellar Golgi cell
The cerebellar Golgi cell is a large GABAergic inhibitory interneuron of the cerebellar granular layer, first described by Camillo Golgi in 1873, that regulates granule cells.
Cerebellar haemorrhage
Cerebellar haemorrhage (cerebellar hemorrhage, ICD-11 8B00.3) is bleeding into the cerebellum, 9-10% of intracranial hemorrhages, with 30-50% 30-day mortality; key risks are hydrocephalus, hematoma over 3 cm, coagulopathy, and intraventricular extension.
Cerebellar hemorrhage
A cerebellar hemorrhage is bleeding into the cerebellum, accounting for 9% to 10% of intracranial hemorrhages, usually from hypertension, and often requiring surgery when it compresses the brainstem.
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebellar hypoplasia (CH): a cerebellum of reduced volume with preserved shape, a non-specific neuroimaging finding. Causes span genetic syndromes (Joubert, CHARGE), chromosomal and metabolic disorders, prenatal infection, prematurity, and 11 types of pontocerebellar hypoplasia.
Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)
Cerebellar hypoplasia, known in cats as Wobbly Kitten Syndrome, is a congenital, nonprogressive condition where the cerebellum fails to develop before birth, causing tremors and ataxia; in kittens it usually follows in utero feline panleukopenia infection.
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma (cLNC), formerly lipomatous medulloblastoma, is a rare WHO grade II cerebellar neuronal tumor of adults with neurocytic and lipidized cells, treated by resection, with 5-year survival about 92% but frequent recurrence.
Cerebellar neuron
Cerebellar neuron: the neuron types of the cerebellum (Purkinje, granule, Golgi, stellate, basket, Lugaro, unipolar brush, deep nuclei neurons), split into glutamatergic and GABAergic classes from rhombic lip and ventricular zone lineages.
Cerebellar stimulation
Cerebellar stimulation is a neuromodulation technique applying electrical or magnetic pulses to the cerebellum, invasively or through the scalp, first implanted by Irving Cooper in 1972 to treat epilepsy, ataxia, and stroke-related motor impairment.
Cerebellar-facial-dental syndrome
Cerebellar-facial-dental syndrome, or cerebellofaciodental syndrome (OMIM 616202), is a rare autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder caused by biallelic BRF1 variants at 14q32.33, causing cerebellar hypoplasia, intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, and dental anomalies; not SETD5-related.
Cerebello-oculo-facio-genital syndrome
Cerebello-oculo-facio-genital (COFG) syndrome, also called congenital labioscrotal agenesis-cerebellar malformation-corneal dystrophy-facial dysmorphism syndrome, is an ultrarare autosomal recessive MAB21L1 disorder with developmental delay, corneal dystrophy, hairy nipples, labioscrotal agenesis, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, behind the brainstem under the occipital lobes, coordinates movement, balance, and motor learning; it holds about 80% of brain neurons and also supports cognition and affect.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a cerebral small vessel disease in which amyloid β builds up in artery walls, a major cause of lobar brain hemorrhage in older adults.
Cerebral angiography
Cerebral angiography, also called digital subtraction angiography or catheter angiography, images brain blood vessels by injecting X-ray-opaque contrast via a catheter. Introduced by Egas Moniz in 1927; remains the gold standard for cerebrovascular diagnosis.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (brain AVM, bAVM): an abnormal artery-to-vein shunt in the brain lacking a capillary bed. Key facts: ~2-3% annual hemorrhage risk, Spetzler-Martin grading, ARUBA trial favored medical management for unruptured lesions.
Cerebral atrophy
Cerebral atrophy is loss of cerebrum tissue (brain shrinkage), seen on MRI. Normal aging loses under 0.2% volume yearly, up to 0.5% after 70; Alzheimer's about 1%. Distinguished from disease by symmetric versus lobar patterns; hydration and time of day confound measurement.