Human health and medicine

Cell-free DNA analysis

Cell-free DNA analysis detects short DNA fragments circulating freely in blood and other body fluids, used in prenatal screening, cancer detection and monitoring, and transplant surveillance.

Cell-free DNA screening

Cell-free DNA screening is a noninvasive prenatal test that analyzes fetal DNA fragments in a pregnant woman's blood to screen for chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21.

Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity): adaptive immune response carried out by T lymphocytes rather than antibodies, defending against intracellular microbes via cytotoxic CD8+ and helper CD4+ T cells.

Cellulite

Cellulite: lumpy, dimpled skin on thighs, hips, buttocks, and abdomen, affecting 80-90% of post-pubertal women; caused by fat herniating through fibrous septae; treatments target septae.

Cellulitis

Cellulitis, related to erysipelas, is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually streptococcal, entering through broken skin; diagnosed clinically, treated with about 5 days of antibiotics, and frequently misdiagnosed (mean 41%).

Cellulocutaneous plague

Cellulocutaneous plague (ICD-11 1B93.1; ICD-10-CM A20.1) is a rare cutaneous form of Yersinia pestis infection, with inflammation and necrosis at the flea-bite inoculation site rather than a bubo; treated like other plague forms.

Celtura

Celtura is a monovalent, MF59-adjuvanted, cell culture-derived (MDCK) inactivated subunit pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccine developed by Novartis in Marburg, Germany; licensed in Germany, Switzerland, Chile, and Peru in 2009-2010, WHO-prequalified 17 December 2009, with a confirmed good safety profile in adults.

CEM trial

CEM trial (Con-trust, NCT06629896): Italian randomized controlled trial testing contrast-enhanced mammography versus MRI plus digital mammography for surveillance of 2,200 high-risk breast cancer women, PNRR-funded, AUSL Reggio Emilia.

Cementation (dentistry)

Cementation in dentistry is the process of attaching crowns, bridges, and veneers to teeth or implants with cements ranging from zinc phosphate to adhesive resin cements.

Cementoplasty

Cementoplasty, also known as percutaneous cementoplasty, is a percutaneous procedure that injects acrylic bone cement into malignant bone cavities to relieve pain and stabilize bone.

Cemiplimab

Cemiplimab (Libtayo, cemiplimab-rwlc, REGN2810) is a fully human IgG4 PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor by Regeneron and Sanofi, FDA-approved since 2018 for advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, later adjuvant CSCC, basal cell carcinoma, and NSCLC.

Cenani-Lenz syndrome

Cenani-Lenz syndrome (Cenani-Lenz syndactyly, syndactyly type 7, OMIM 212780) is a rare autosomal recessive limb malformation disorder caused by LRP4 mutations, causing severe hand and foot synostoses, syndactyly, forearm defects, and renal anomalies.

Cendakimab

Cendakimab (RPC4046, CC-93538) is a humanized anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody blocking IL-13Rα1/α2, in phase 3 development by Bristol Myers Squibb for eosinophilic esophagitis; not yet approved.

Cenegermin

Cenegermin (Oxervate, cenegermin-bkbj) is a recombinant human nerve growth factor eye drop, 20 µg/mL, six times daily for 8 weeks, approved by FDA (2018) and EMA (2017) for neurotrophic keratitis.

Cenerimod

Cenerimod (ACT-334441) is an oral, selective S1P1 receptor modulator by Actelion/Idorsia, now Viatris, in phase 3 (OPUS-1/-2) for systemic lupus erythematosus; half-life about 32 days, 4 mg dose selected from phase 2.

Cenicriviroc

Cenicriviroc (CVC, TBR-652, formerly TAK-652) is an oral dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist developed as an anti-HIV entry inhibitor and NASH antifibrotic; its phase 3 AURORA trial failed and COVID-19 trials showed no benefit.

Cenobamate

Cenobamate (Xcopri, Ontozry) is a carbamate antiseizure drug for adjunctive treatment of drug-resistant focal-onset seizures in adults, acting on sodium channels and GABAA receptors, with high seizure-freedom rates, DRESS and QT-shortening risks, and slow titration.

Cenopodlin

Cenopodlin (CA-170, AUPM-170) is an oral small-molecule antagonist of PD-L1, PD-L2, and VISTA developed by Aurigene and licensed to Curis; the first oral immune checkpoint inhibitor in trials, now in phase 3 NSCLC testing, with disputed PD-L1 binding.

Centanafadine

Centanafadine (Simtriyo) is a first-in-class norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin reuptake inhibitor and CNS stimulant approved by FDA in July 2026 for ADHD in adults and children 6 and older, pending DEA scheduling; efficacy is below lisdexamfetamine and comparable to methylphenidate and atomoxetine.

Centbucridine

Centbucridine (INN bucricaine), a quinoline local anesthetic developed at CSIR-CDRI Lucknow in 1982 and licensed to Themis Chemicals in 1987, has inherent vasoconstrictor and antihistaminic activity, is 4-8 times more potent than lignocaine, and was studied in ophthalmic and dental anesthesia.

Centbutindole (bripurone)

Centbutindole, also called biriperone or buriperone, is a butyrophenone-class antipsychotic synthesized in 1973 at CSIR-CDRI Lucknow, licensed to Chemosyn Mumbai in 1987, and trialed in India against haloperidol, trifluoperazine, and risperidone.

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a free, public-domain 20-item questionnaire measuring depressive symptoms during the past week, published by Lenore Radloff in 1977.

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), a USDA center established December 1994 under the Food and Nutrition Administration; leads the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, MyPlate, the Healthy Eating Index, and the USDA Food Plans including the Thrifty Food Plan that sets SNAP benefit maximums.

CENTER-TBI study

CENTER-TBI (Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI), NCT02210221, an EU-funded prospective observational cohort of 4,509 TBI patients in 65 centres across Europe and Israel (2014–2017), with a 22,772-patient registry, studying biomarkers, imaging, care variation, and outcomes.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), founded July 1, 1946 in Atlanta as the Communicable Disease Center, is the U.S. national public health agency under HHS, known for disease surveillance, the Epidemic Intelligence Service, and smallpox eradication.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), U.S. HHS agency in Baltimore administering Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, and the Marketplace for over 100 million people; FY2024 outlays $839 billion Medicare, $584 billion Medicaid.

Centhaquine

Centhaquine (Lyfaquin, PMZ-2010, formerly centhaquin) is a selective alpha-2B adrenoceptor agonist resuscitative drug for hypovolemic shock, approved in India in 2020 as an add-on therapy, with phase III evidence of reduced 28-day mortality.

Centimizone

Centimizone (INN Mipinazole, also spelled Mipnazole) is an antithyroid imidazole, 1-propan-2-ylimidazolidine-2-thione, discovered at CSIR-CDRI Lucknow, approved in India in 1972, licensed to Unichem, but never marketed.

Centor criteria

Centor criteria: 1981 four-item clinical prediction rule (fever, tonsillar exudates, tender anterior cervical nodes, no cough) estimating group A streptococcal pharyngitis probability in sore throat; McIsaac adds age adjustment; guides testing and antibiotic decisions.