Human health and medicine

Chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia patellae, softening and fraying of kneecap cartilage, synonym of patellofemoral pain and runner's knee; MRI sensitivity 66%, grade not tied to symptoms, treated with hip and knee strengthening.

Chondromyxoid fibroma

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare benign cartilaginous bone tumor first described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1948, arising mainly in the long-bone metaphyses of young adults, marked by GRM1 rearrangements and treated by curettage or resection.

Chondropathies

Chondropathies are diseases of cartilage; ICD-11 category FB82 covering chondromalacia, osteochondritis dissecans, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, and relapsing polychondritis, graded by the Outerbridge system.

Chondroplasty

Chondroplasty is an arthroscopic surgical procedure that smooths damaged joint cartilage to relieve pain and improve function; it is palliative and does not restore cartilage.

Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma, a malignant cartilage-forming bone tumor group (about 1 per 200,000 yearly in the US), includes conventional, dedifferentiated, mesenchymal, and clear cell subtypes; surgery is the mainstay, with survival from 88% to 7% at 5 years depending on grade and subtype.

Chongqing Medical University

Chongqing Medical University (重庆医科大学, CQMU) is a public medical university in Chongqing, China, founded in 1956 by faculty from Shanghai First Medical College and known for its 14 affiliated hospitals and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound therapy system.

CHOP (chemotherapy)

CHOP is a combination chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, used mainly to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma; with rituximab added, R-CHOP cures about 70% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases.

CHOP regimen

The CHOP regimen combines cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with R-CHOP, its rituximab-added form, the standard frontline treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

CHOP trial

CHOP trial (SWOG-8516): 1986 phase III randomized trial comparing CHOP chemotherapy with m-BACOD, ProMACE-CytaBOM, and MACOP-B in 899 eligible patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; no survival advantage for intensive regimens. Distinct from Ro-CHOP and the EU Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP).

Chorda tympani

Chorda tympani: branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) crossing the middle ear between malleus and incus, joining the lingual nerve; carries anterior two-thirds tongue taste and parasympathetic fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands.

Chordae tendineae

Chordae tendineae, also called heart strings or tendinous cords, are collagen cords anchoring the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets to the ventricular papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during contraction; rupture causes regurgitation and is repaired with ePTFE sutures.

Chordoid glioma

Chordoid glioma, also called chordoid glioma of the third ventricle, is a rare WHO grade 2 astrocytic brain tumor of the anterior third ventricle, defined by the PRKCA D463H mutation and GFAP/TTF-1 co-expression, treated mainly by resection.

Chordoma

Chordoma, or notochordal sarcoma, is a rare malignant bone cancer of the skull base, spine, and sacrum arising from notochord remnants, marked by brachyury/TBXT expression, treated with surgery plus proton radiotherapy, with about 1 case per million yearly.

Chorea

Chorea, also known as chorea sancti viti, is a disorder of involuntary, rapid, irregular movements; Huntington's disease is the leading hereditary cause and Sydenham's chorea the leading childhood cause.

Choreiform disorders

Choreiform disorders (ICD-11 8A01) are movement disorders defined by chorea, abrupt irregular nonrepetitive involuntary movements. Causes include Huntington disease, Sydenham chorea, drugs, vascular, autoimmune, and metabolic conditions.

Choreoacanthocytosis

Choreoacanthocytosis (chorea-acanthocytosis, ChAc, VPS13A disease, formerly Levine-Critchley syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by VPS13A mutations, with chorea, orofacial dystonia with tongue biting, seizures, acanthocytes, and striatal atrophy.

Chorh-Chuan Tan

Chorh-Chuan Tan is a Singaporean nephrologist who led the 2003 SARS response and served as President of the National University of Singapore from 2008 to 2017.

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is a malignant, fast-growing trophoblastic cancer, usually gestational (after molar or normal pregnancy) and hCG-secreting, spreading via blood to lungs; highly curable with chemotherapy (EMA-CO), overall cure about 94%.

Chorionic villus sampling

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal diagnostic procedure that samples placental tissue under ultrasound guidance, usually at 10 to 13 weeks, to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities.

Chorioretinal scars

Chorioretinal scars (ICD-11 9B62, ICD-10 H31.0) are fibrous scars in the choroid and retina from infection such as toxoplasmosis, laser photocoagulation, trauma, or inflammatory disease; vision is affected only when the macula is involved.

Choroid

The choroid is the pigmented vascular middle layer of the eye (part of the uvea) supplying the outer retina and RPE, with five layers from Bruch's membrane to the suprachoroid, fed by posterior ciliary arteries and drained by 4-7 vortex veins.

Choroid plexus

Choroid plexus: secretory epithelial tissue in the brain's four ventricles that produces most cerebrospinal fluid, forms the blood-CSF barrier via tight junctions, and aids immune surveillance.

Choroid plexus carcinoma

Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), WHO grade 3 malignant choroid plexus tumor, rare aggressive pediatric brain tumor causing hydrocephalus; TP53/Li-Fraumeni linked; treated by resection plus chemotherapy.

Choroid plexus cyst

Choroid plexus cyst (CPC), a fluid-filled cyst in the choroid plexus, found in 0.5–2.5% of second-trimester fetuses; usually resolves by 26–28 weeks; isolated cysts are benign, but CPCs can mark trisomy 18 risk when other findings are present.

Choroidal and ciliary body melanoma

Choroidal and ciliary body melanoma, also called posterior uveal melanoma, is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, arising in the choroid (85–90%) or ciliary body (5–8%), treated mainly by plaque brachytherapy, proton therapy, or enucleation.

Choroidal degeneration

Choroidal degeneration (脈絡膜変性), ICD-11 code 9B60, is progressive atrophy of the choroid, the eye's vascular layer, covering hereditary forms such as choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, and central areolar choroidal dystrophy, plus age-related choroidal atrophy.

Choroidal detachment

Choroidal detachment: fluid or blood accumulating in the suprachoroidal space between choroid and sclera. Serous form follows surgical hypotony, most often after trabeculectomy; hemorrhagic form (suprachoroidal hemorrhage) follows ciliary artery rupture, with guarded vision.

Choroidal dystrophy

Choroidal dystrophy, also called choroidal dystrophies, is an inherited degenerative eye disorder of the choroid, RPE, and photoreceptors, including choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, and central areolar choroidal dystrophy, causing night blindness and peripheral vision loss.

Choroidal osteoma

Choroidal osteoma: rare benign ossifying choroidal tumor of mature bone, typically juxtapapillary, in young females (median age 20); diagnosed clinically with ultrasound and CT, managed by observation and anti-VEGF for neovascularization.