25,729 articles
Cinhyaluronate sodium
Cinhyaluronate sodium (SI-614) is Seikagaku's chemically modified sodium hyaluronate eye drop for dry eye; its Phase 3 US SIDE study (NCT05411367) missed its primary endpoint in 2023 and the drug was never approved.
Cinnamon challenge
Cinnamon Challenge: internet dare to swallow a tablespoon of ground cinnamon in 60 seconds without water; documented from 2001, viral on YouTube, peaked 2012; risks include coughing, aspiration, lung injury.
Cinnarizine
Cinnarizine (Stugeron) is an antihistamine and calcium channel antagonist for vertigo, motion sickness, and Ménière's disease; often combined with dimenhydrinate, with drowsiness and parkinsonism as notable risks.
Cinoxacin
Cinoxacin (Cinobac) is a first-generation quinolone antibiotic, C12H10N2O5, related to nalidixic acid, used for urinary tract infections; FDA-approved 1980, DNA gyrase inhibitor, now discontinued.
Cintamani caturmukha rasa
Cintamani caturmukha rasa (Chintamani Chaturmukh Ras), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral tablet from Bhaisajyaratnavalli: Rasa Sindura with loha, abhraka, and swarna bhasmas, processed with kumari juice bhavana for seven days.
Cintredekin besudotox
Cintredekin besudotox (IL13-PE38QQR), an interleukin-13 Pseudomonas exotoxin A fusion protein for malignant glioma, given by convection-enhanced delivery; its PRECISE phase III trial failed to beat Gliadel wafers and it was never approved.
Cipaglucosidase alfa
Cipaglucosidase alfa (Pombiliti, cipaglucosidase alfa-atga) is a bis-M6P-enriched recombinant human GAA enzyme replacement therapy infused every two weeks with oral miglustat (Opfolda) for adults with late-onset Pompe disease not improving on current ERT; FDA approved 2023.
Cipepofol
Cipepofol (Cypsedo, ciprofol, HSK3486) is a chiral propofol analog and GABA_A modulator, 4-5 times more potent, FDA-approved May 29, 2026 for anesthetic induction and DEA schedule IV.
Cipla
Cipla (Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories), Indian pharma company founded 1935 in Mumbai by K. A. Hamied; respiratory leader, $350/year AIDS drugs in 2001, FDA warning letters 2020 and 2023.
CiPNT/SSI trial
CiPNT/SSI (NCT04496180) is a Geneva-sponsored randomized trial testing Prevena closed-incision negative pressure therapy versus standard dressing to prevent surgical site infection after emergency laparotomy; planned 334 participants, last status not yet recruiting.
Ciprofibrate
Ciprofibrate (Lipanor, Modalim) is a fibrate lipid-lowering drug and PPARα agonist, dosed 100 mg once daily in Europe for severe hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed hyperlipidaemia when statins are unsuitable; not FDA-approved.
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Ciproxin, Cetraxal) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved by Bayer in 1987, inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, reserved for infections lacking alternatives due to tendon, nerve, and aortic risks.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, CRSWD): sleep timing disorder from altered circadian clock or misalignment; six ICSD-2 types; treated with timed light, melatonin, lifestyle change.
Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis (circulus arteriosus cerebri): anastomotic arterial ring at the brain base linking internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems; primary cerebral collateral supply, complete in only about 12–36% of adults, linked to aneurysms and stroke outcomes.
Circuit training
Circuit training is a workout format of exercise stations performed with little or no rest, combining strength and cardio. Origins with Morgan and Anderson (1953); meta-analyses show fat loss, strength, and VO2max gains.
Circulating tumor DNA analysis
Circulating tumor DNA analysis is a liquid biopsy method that detects tumor-derived DNA fragments in blood to guide cancer treatment, monitor recurrence, and screen for cancer.
Circulating tumor DNA detection
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection is a blood-based diagnostic method that measures tumor-derived DNA fragments in plasma to genotype cancer non-invasively, assess treatment response, and detect molecular residual disease after therapy.
Circulation (journal)
Circulation is the American Heart Association's weekly flagship peer-reviewed cardiovascular journal, founded 1950, ISSN 0009-7322. Editor-in-chief Bradley A. Maron since July 2026, succeeding Joseph A. Hill (2016-2026); impact factor rose from 19 to 41 under Hill. Distinct from Circulation Journal (Japanese Circulation Society).
Circulation Research
Circulation Research, also called Circ Res, is the American Heart Association's peer-reviewed journal for basic and translational cardiovascular biology, founded in 1953 under Carl J. Wiggers, edited by Jane E. Freedman, publishing 24 issues yearly with a 12% acceptance rate and 2024 impact factor 16.2.
Circulatory system
Circulatory system, also called cardiovascular system: the heart, blood vessels, and blood that move blood through the body. Covers open vs closed systems, pulmonary and systemic circuits, Harvey's 1628 discovery, and cardiovascular disease burden.
Circulatory transition at birth
Circulatory transition at birth is the switch from fetal to adult circulation: lung aeration and cord clamping reverse pressure gradients, closing the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus.
Circumcision
Circumcision, or male circumcision, is the surgical removal of the penile foreskin, done for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. It reduces female-to-male HIV risk by about 60%, unlike female genital mutilation, which WHO condemns.
Circumcision controversies
Circumcision controversies cover medical, ethical, and legal disputes over non-therapeutic male circumcision, also called neonatal or infant circumcision. Key points: AAP 2012 and CDC 2018 support access, WHO backs VMMC for HIV prevention, European and Canadian bodies do not recommend routine infant circumcision.
Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) is a rare benign vascular tumor of the choroid, distinct from the diffuse Sturge-Weber-associated form. Orange-red posterior pole mass causing subretinal fluid; often misdiagnosed; treated with photodynamic therapy or radiotherapy.
Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis
Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis (circumscribed acral hypokeratosis, CPH) is a rare acquired skin dysplasia first described in 2002, causing small depressed erythematous palm or sole plaques with stair-like stratum corneum thinning.
Circumstantiality
Circumstantiality, also called circumstantial thinking, is circuitous speech with excessive irrelevant detail that eventually returns to the point; a formal thought disorder sign seen in schizophrenia, mania, dementia, and sometimes healthy speech.
CIRENDO study
CIRENDO (North-West Inter Regional Female Cohort for Patients with Endometriosis, NCT02294825) is a French prospective cohort, G4-funded and coordinated by Horace Roman, registering surgically and histologically confirmed endometriosis patients since 2009 with questionnaire follow-up at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years.
Cirmtuzumab
Cirmtuzumab, also called zilovertamab (UC-961), is a humanized anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody for CLL, MCL, and DLBCL; its ADC form is zilovertamab vedotin (MK-2140, VLS-101).
Cirna paricatiktaka ghrta
Cirna paricatiktaka ghrta, a Sanskrit-style name for ghrita (घृत), Ayurvedic medicated ghee made by Sneha Kalpana at a 1:4:16 kalka-sneha-drava ratio, valued as a lipid carrier for deep tissue delivery.
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver from causes such as alcohol-associated liver disease, NAFLD, and chronic hepatitis B and C; diagnosed by blood tests, elastography, and biopsy, treated by addressing causes, complications, and transplant.